What was the immediate outcome of Ethiopia's victory at Adwa in 1896?

• Ethiopia defeated the invasion and preserved its independence at that time.
• Italy established colonial government in Ethiopia as a result of winning that battle.
• The victory brought every African territory under an independent African government.

Which set names three resistance methods taught in the lesson?

• Seizing land, imposing taxes and compelling labour.
• Armed fighting, refusing to buy and presenting petitions.
• Collecting tariffs, appointing governors and enforcing labour rules.

Colonial forces often had advantages in weapons, transport and supplies in nineteenth-century conflicts.

Which combination helps explain pressure for independence after 1945?

• Military advantages decided outcomes, while public campaigns had no effect.
• War strained European powers, while organised movements pressed for independence.
• Cold War states backed movements equally, while colonial governments stopped using repression against them.

Why could a boycott of imported cloth put economic pressure on sellers?

• It lowers cloth prices, so buying more imported cloth becomes the protest.
• It cuts cloth production because buyers stop working in the cloth factories.
• It can reduce sellers' income when buyers refuse to purchase the imported cloth.

A campaign could demand elected assemblies under colonial rule without demanding immediate independence.

A former colony gains formal authority to govern itself but still relies on foreign firms to finance and sell its main exports. Which conclusion fits both facts?

• Political independence can coexist with continued economic dependence.
• Political independence must wait until every foreign company has left the country.
• Export income means the country has gained control over all its economic choices.

A student says, 'Adwa proves that colonial armies could never defeat African forces.' Which response uses the evidence carefully?

• Adwa proves that weapons and supplies did not affect any other colonial conflict.
• Adwa proves that European states had abandoned colonial ambitions throughout Africa.
• Adwa shows conquest could be defeated, but one victory cannot establish the outcome of every war.