Which volcanic province is linked to the end-Permian extinction, called the Great Dying?

• The Deccan Traps
• The Siberian Traps
• Mount St. Helens

What best describes a large igneous province?

• A small local ash deposit produced by one brief eruption at a volcanic cone
• A vast region of igneous rock formed from huge amounts of magma
• A broad region of river sediment deposited without any magma involvement

Scientists have proved that the first living cells formed at hydrothermal vents.

Which extinction and dinosaur outcome match the interval of Deccan Traps volcanism?

• The end-Cretaceous extinction, when non-bird dinosaurs disappeared
• The end-Permian extinction, linked to Siberian Traps volcanism
• The end-Cretaceous extinction, when birds died out but non-bird dinosaurs survived

Large volcanic eruptions add CO2 to the atmosphere. How can that increase ocean acidity?

• Seawater absorbs CO2, which reacts with water to form carbonic acid
• CO2 warms seawater, and the warmer water itself produces carbonic acid
• CO2 reduces ocean oxygen, and the oxygen loss produces carbonic acid

These fictional surveys show species losses (%). Reef A lost 40% of its starting species and Reef B lost 25%. What is the difference in percentage points?

A model ocean absorbs extra CO2 and becomes more acidic while remaining alkaline overall. Which shell-building effect is supported by the lesson?

• Shell building becomes easier because extra CO2 supplies more carbon
• Shell building stays unchanged because the seawater is still alkaline
• Shell building can become more difficult as seawater chemistry changes

A classmate says, "Volcanic CO2 cools Earth by forming sulfate droplets." Which correction matches the lesson?

• CO2 retains heat; sulfate droplets from sulfur dioxide scatter sunlight
• CO2 scatters sunlight; sulfate droplets from sulfur dioxide retain heat
• CO2 retains heat; sulfur dioxide cools mainly by absorbing heat before droplets form