Which storm has a rotating updraft and produces many strong tornadoes?

• A supercell thunderstorm
• A nonrotating rain shower
• A weak snow-producing cloud

Which process releases energy carried by ocean water vapor into hurricane air?

• The ocean freezes into a layer of sea ice.
• The vapor condenses into cloud droplets.
• Dry polar air sinks toward the ocean surface.

In the common summer monsoon pattern described here, faster warming of land helps bring moist ocean air inland.

In the simplified supercell explanation, how do wind shear and the updraft have different roles?

• Shear creates rotation; the updraft tilts and stretches it.
• Shear tilts the air upright; rainfall removes all its rotation.
• Shear stops the rising air; a downdraft lifts rotation upright.

What helps curve air moving toward a hurricane's low-pressure center into a spiral circulation?

• Ocean water pushes the air sideways toward the center.
• Cold polar air blocks every straight route to the center.
• The Coriolis effect deflects the moving air.

In the common winter monsoon pattern described here, land is cooler than the nearby ocean. Which way does surface air generally flow?

• From the warmer ocean toward the cooler land
• From the land toward the ocean
• Along the coast without crossing land or water

Why is a typical coarse-resolution global climate model insufficient for directly simulating a particular tornado's rotating column?

• The small circulation is too fine for this model to resolve.
• The rotation cuts off every connection between the tornado and its surrounding atmosphere.
• The short lifetime prevents all observations and finer-scale methods from studying the tornado.

In an invented study, rain exceeds a threshold in 30 of 100 warmed-world runs and 10 of 100 runs without human-caused warming. Which conclusion fits?

• Such rain is one-third as likely with warming; divide the other count by the warmed-world count.
• Such rain cannot happen without warming; the larger warmed-world count rules out other causes.
• Such rain is three times as likely with warming in this study.