Which group held many leading positions in Spanish American independence movements?

• Spanish-born officials appointed to defend royal authority.
• Creole elites of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas.
• Enslaved recruits who controlled the new governments.

How did Napoleon's intervention in Spain open an opportunity for colonial self-rule?

• The disputed monarchy gave juntas a basis for claiming local authority.
• Napoleon granted independence to the mainland Spanish colonies.
• The king's restoration in Spain created the first local juntas.

Political independence automatically redistributed large estates to poor people throughout Spanish America.

Why did plans for one lasting state across Spanish America face difficulties?

• Regional leaders accepted a common capital and disputed only foreign trade.
• Regions disputed central rule, and military leaders competed for power.
• Independence removed regional rivalries but restored Spain's authority.

Armies included enslaved recruits and people of mixed ancestry, but wealthy owners often retained large estates. What can we conclude?

• Army service guaranteed recruits an equal share of land.
• Creole leaders excluded enslaved people from their armies.
• Broad participation did not lead to equal gains.

Brazil became independent in 1822, but slavery continued for decades. Which distinction does this illustrate?

• Slavery ended as soon as Portuguese rule ended.
• Brazil was still a colony because slavery continued.
• Independence and emancipation were separate changes.

Some slaveholders feared Haiti's revolt, while Pétion offered Bolívar help on condition that he end slavery. Which interpretation fits both facts?

• Haiti only made slaveholders fear revolt.
• Haitian aid settled abolition policy everywhere.
• Haiti's influence included both fear and pressure for emancipation.

Brazil declared independence from Portugal in 1822; Algeria gained independence from France in 1962. Which comparison is supported by these facts alone?

• Both achieved equal landownership at independence.
• Both ended European rule, but in different periods.
• Both followed the same military path to independence.