Which statement describes endotoxin?

• A secreted protein aimed at one host process
• Lipid A from Gram negative membranes, spilled as cells break apart
• An enzyme that dissolves tissue barriers

Which statement describes an exotoxin?

• A protein released by a living cell that hits one precise target
• A membrane lipid spilled when Gram negative cells break apart
• A capsule that shields germs from phagocytes

Boiling destroys exotoxins but not endotoxin. Why?

• Endotoxin hides inside capsules where heat cannot reach
• Boiling is too brief to affect any toxin at all
• Exotoxins are proteins that heat unravels, while endotoxin is a tough lipid

Cholera germs stay in the gut, yet the damage is huge. Why?

• Their toxin locks gut signaling on and floods the gut with water
• Their capsules block all immune cells at once
• Their endotoxin survives boiling and poisons the whole body

Diphtheria starts in the throat but harms the heart. How?

• The germs swim from the throat into the heart
• Endotoxin from capsules drifts into the blood
• The released toxin travels and halts protein synthesis far away

A patient with a Gram negative infection gets a cell bursting antibiotic, then spikes a fever. What happened?

• The antibiotic directly raised the body temperature
• Spilled endotoxin triggered an immune overreaction before recovery
• Exotoxins became heat stable inside the blood

Antitoxin antibodies can help against an exotoxin disease even while antibiotics handle the germs.

A lab must reuse tools exposed to each toxin type. What follows from their heat rules?

• Both need only standard boiling, since all toxins are proteins
• Standard sterilizing handles exotoxins, but endotoxin needs harsher treatment
• Neither can ever be removed, so every tool must be thrown away