A fictional treaty permits withdrawal after one year's notice. A member gives valid notice today. What does that clause permit?

• It may leave when the stated notice period has ended.
• It may suspend its duties now and complete its withdrawal once the year has passed.
• It may leave after a year only if the other members also approve its valid notice.

A treaty requires ratification and entry into force. State R signs but has not ratified. What follows from these rules?

• Signature completes ratification.
• Signature alone has not activated all its treaty duties.
• Signature activates the full treaty duties, while ratification mainly confirms them for domestic purposes.

The United Nations is a world government with its own standing army that can make every state obey.

Under WTO rules, what must an investigation establish before an importing member imposes an anti-dumping duty?

• Dumping, domestic industry injury and a causal link
• Dumping and injury to a domestic industry
• Dumping, injury to domestic industry and an intention to drive rival firms out of the market

A state refuses to comply with a binding international judgment. Which account of the response is most accurate?

• The court must ask the Council to impose sanctions before the duty applies.
• The parties must negotiate again because refusal suspends the judgment's binding force.
• The duty remains; further responses depend on the case.

Several fleets share a fish stock. Why can each fleet's incentive to take extra fish threaten the stock?

• Catch gains and depletion costs both belong to the fleet taking the fish.
• Extra catch benefits one fleet, while depletion costs are shared.
• Catch gains are shared among fleets, while depletion costs fall on the fleet taking the extra fish.

Two states accept ICJ jurisdiction over a border dispute. Which description of the court's powers is correct?

• It can issue a judgment binding those parties, but has no army.
• It can recommend a settlement but cannot bind the parties.
• It can issue a judgment binding all states with an interest in the border, including states outside the case.

Which account correctly matches the two historical cases taught in the lesson?

• The Montreal Protocol reduced ozone-depleting chemicals; the US complied with the Nicaragua judgment.
• The Montreal Protocol did not help reduce ozone-depleting chemicals; the US complied with the Nicaragua judgment.
• The Montreal Protocol helped reduce ozone-depleting chemicals; the US did not comply in the Nicaragua case.