Which pair names two tools used in mercantilist policies?

• Export taxes and equal access for foreign shipping.
• Import tariffs and exclusive trading monopolies.
• Open colonial markets and unrestricted competition.

What goal was common in mercantilist trade policy?

• Build national wealth and state power by increasing bullion reserves.
• Expand consumer choice by removing restrictions on foreign imports.
• Make colonial trade independent of the home government's interests.

The Navigation Acts left every colonial product free of restrictions on shipping and destination.

Enslaved people produced plantation sugar sold in Europe. Which statement distinguishes their labour from control of the product?

• Enslaved workers owned the crop because they produced it.
• Enslaved people produced sugar; owners controlled its sale.
• The sale price belonged to workers; planters collected only state taxes.

On a silver route from American mines through Europe to Asian markets, which account separates commercial income from taxes?

• Tax payments to governments counted as mine owners' net profits.
• All shipping receipts were profits, with no transport costs to subtract.
• Owners and merchants sought profits; states collected tax revenues.

A government requires selected colonial sugar exports to pass through an imperial port before reaching foreign buyers. What tool is this?

• An import duty charged on the value of every sugar shipment sold abroad.
• An exclusive right for one firm to grow sugar in the colony.
• A rule directing colonial exports through an imperial port.

How does the argument for mutual gains challenge the belief that one country's gain from trade must be another's loss?

• It predicts that a trade surplus will give every worker an equal benefit.
• It predicts that one partner can gain only when the other loses wealth.
• It allows both partners to gain through specialisation and suitable trade.

The East India Company held a trade monopoly and later ruled territory and collected revenues in India. What explains the later powers?

• Its original monopoly automatically granted territorial rule.
• Military victories and political agreements expanded its authority.
• Its growing trade profits themselves gave it the right to tax Indian rulers.