--- title: "What a 5-year-old learns" description: "319 topics are written for age 5, across 13 subjects." canonical: https://lightmysky.com/learn/age/5 source: https://lightmysky.com/learn/age/5.md retrieved: 2026-10-19 --- > **Agent view.** This is the Markdown twin of the page, for tools and assistants. > When to use this site, and the call that answers each job: https://lightmysky.com/agent-instructions.md > API description (OpenAPI 3.1): https://lightmysky.com/openapi.json · Authentication: https://lightmysky.com/auth.md > Pricing: https://lightmysky.com/pricing.md · Catalog: https://lightmysky.com/llms.txt · Full catalog: https://lightmysky.com/llms-full.txt > Every machine-readable file on this domain: https://lightmysky.com/.well-known/ai-catalog.json > Ask for Markdown with `Accept: text/markdown`, a `.md` address, or `?mode=agent`. # What a 5-year-old learns 319 topics are written for age 5, across 13 subjects. Topics are placed by what they need, not by school year, so this is a starting point rather than a syllabus. Page: https://lightmysky.com/learn/age/5 ## Computing - [AI in Daily Life](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/ai-in-daily-life-mt_AzTrT5ySCx): Recognise AI uses such as face unlock, learned word prediction, video recommendations, photo sorting and voice assistants; distinguish learned patterns from a fixed sensor rule - [Computers in Everyday Life](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/computers-in-everyday-life-mt_XbGfVhfiUz): Identifying computers in everyday life: not just laptops but phones, tablets, smart speakers, traffic lights, washing machines; what makes something a computer - [Real-World Robots](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/real-world-robots-mt_jvJ35MmCvK): Real robots use computers to control moving parts for physical jobs. Examples include robot vacuums, factory arms and doctor-controlled surgery arms. Robots use software and are not living things. - [Smart Versus Not-Smart Devices](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/smart-versus-not-smart-devices-mt_WRRv1ABECC): Comparing ordinary objects with devices that have computer features, such as answering spoken questions. Sensors detect things and trigger responses, but sensing or using electricity alone does not prove that a device has smart computer features. - [Step-by-Step Instructions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/step-by-step-instructions-mt__p5n8z5soJ): Step-by-step instructions for everyday tasks (making a sandwich, brushing teeth); that if instructions are wrong or missing, things go wrong; computers follow instructions exactly - [Voice Assistants and How They Work](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/voice-assistants-and-how-they-work-mt_u6SYiVx7FX): How voice-assistant software handles spoken requests. A simple model follows listening, working out a request, finding an answer and speaking. Assistants can mishear, misinterpret requests or give mistaken answers. They are programs, not people with human feelings. - [Simple Programs: Sequences and Instructions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/simple-programs-sequences-and-instructions-mt_IUvBwahibH): Write, run and fix simple programs by putting instructions in order: plan a sequence of steps, predict what the program will do before running it, and hunt down the step that went wrong when it doesn't behave as expected ## English - [Reading for Meaning](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/reading-for-meaning-mt_scBgiMKhG_): Understand that reading involves recognising written words and understanding their meaning. Reading aloud accurately does not by itself show comprehension. - [Building sentences](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/building-sentences-mt_N8CpN1EJrP): Understand that words combine to make sentences — a sentence expresses a complete thought; produce and expand complete sentences in speech and writing - [Spaces between words](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/spaces-between-words-mt_of2GggtxFl): Separate words with spaces in writing; understand that spaces mark word boundaries in print - [Basic Nouns & Verbs](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/basic-nouns-and-verbs-mt_yBJyCfhtem): Use frequently occurring nouns (people, places, things) and verbs (action words) appropriately in speech and writing - [Capitals for Names, Days and I](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/capitals-for-names-days-and-i-mt_uM6q_KBWKy): Use capital letters for proper nouns (names of people, places) the days of the week, and the personal pronoun 'I' - [Grammar words: letter, word, sentence](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/grammar-words-letter-word-sentence-mt_TfOiog-ALs): Use basic grammatical terminology when discussing reading and writing: letter, capital letter, word, singular, plural, sentence, punctuation, full stop, question mark, exclamation mark - [Joining Words with 'And'](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/joining-words-with-and-mt_YXVQaufkKO): Join words and clauses using the conjunction 'and' to create longer sentences - [Prepositions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/prepositions-mt_VY3rBq8RyP): Understand and use the most frequently occurring prepositions of location and direction (e.g. to, from, in, out, on, off, for, by, with) - [Question Words](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/question-words-mt_6lHBTwQPrS): Understand and use question words (who, what, where, when, why, how) to form and answer questions - [Regular Plural Nouns](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/regular-plural-nouns-mt_18qkgxr_-T): Form and use regular plural nouns orally and in writing by adding -s or -es; understand that plural means more than one - [Starting and ending sentences](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/starting-and-ending-sentences-mt_QEr24lqzvH): Begin sentences with a capital letter and end them with the appropriate mark (full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark); recognise and name end punctuation - [Sitting, pencil grip and lowercase letters](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/sitting-pencil-grip-and-lowercase-letters-mt_WBfj79OqXz): Sit correctly at a table holding a pencil comfortably and correctly; form lower-case letters in the correct direction starting and finishing in the right place - [Forming Capital Letters](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/forming-capital-letters-mt_H7DquwQi_F): Form capital letters correctly; print many upper- and lowercase letters legibly - [Letter formation families](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/letter-formation-families-mt_DMvKfP4uGC): Group lowercase letters by shared pencil movements in the handwriting style being practised, and practise letters in those groups. - [Writing digits 0-9](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/writing-digits-0-9-mt_oAK9GXSfqV): Form digits 0-9 correctly and legibly - [Blending Sounds to Read Words](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/blending-sounds-to-read-words-mt__KHQttMde3): Apply phonic knowledge to blend sounds in unfamiliar words containing taught grapheme-phoneme correspondences; respond speedily to graphemes for all 40+ phonemes - [Consonant Digraphs](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/consonant-digraphs-mt_9-OHslmt1g): Read and spell words containing consonant digraphs and less common consonant spellings (ch, sh, th, ck, tch, ng, ph, wh, k for /k/) - [Knowing all letters](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/knowing-all-letters-mt_frDIaXzWbx): Recognise and name all uppercase and lowercase letters of the alphabet; name the letters in order and use letter names to distinguish between alternative spellings - [Onsets & Rimes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/onsets-and-rimes-mt_PvU3eoikev): Blend and segment onsets and rimes in single-syllable words; isolate and pronounce individual phonemes (initial, medial, final) in CVC words; add or substitute phonemes to make new words - [Rhyming words](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/rhyming-words-mt_4GiE83rJF_): Recognise and produce rhyming words; join in with predictable phrases and rhymes in stories and poems; learn to appreciate and recite poems by heart - [Single Letter Sounds](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/single-letter-sounds-mt_F978c32kDr): Know the primary sound for each consonant and the short and long sounds for the five major vowels; respond speedily to single-letter graphemes - [Understanding print](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/understanding-print-mt_1KCwbGvm1F): Demonstrate understanding that print carries meaning, follows left-to-right top-to-bottom directionality, and is organised page by page in books - [Vowel Digraphs](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/vowel-digraphs-mt_BtMbZibZUj): Read and spell words containing common vowel digraphs (ai, ay, ee, ea, oa, oe, oo, oi, oy) including where a digraph can represent more than one sound - [Compound Words](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/compound-words-mt_70Ys4i1AB1): Recognise and spell compound words written as one word by identifying the smaller words that form them - [Diphthongs and complex vowels](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/diphthongs-and-complex-vowels-mt_fMd7v87IiI): Read and spell words containing diphthongs and complex vowel patterns (ow, ou, ew, ue, ie, aw, au) and words ending in -y as a vowel sound - [R-Controlled Vowel Sounds](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/r-controlled-vowel-sounds-mt_a6m7PqTuJN): Read and spell words containing r-controlled vowels (ar, er, ir, ur, or, ore) and vowel-r patterns where 'r' modifies the vowel sound - [Reading Contractions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/reading-contractions-mt_t1JXeNgKcu): Read and understand contractions with apostrophes, knowing the apostrophe represents omitted letters - [Reading fluently](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/reading-fluently-mt_ZhvwM6LMBL): Read aloud books matched to phonic ability accurately and with growing fluency; reread familiar texts to build confidence, speed, and expression - [Reading High-Frequency Words by Sight](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/reading-high-frequency-words-by-sight-mt_YKkCM63fSC): Learn common words by matching their sounds and spellings, then practise recognising and using them in short sentences - [Reading Inflectional Endings](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/reading-inflectional-endings-mt__CMXZiPfTV): Read words containing taught GPCs with common inflectional endings (-s, -es, -ing, -ed, -er, -est) and the prefix un-; read multi-syllable words with taught patterns - [Split Digraphs and Magic E](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/split-digraphs-and-magic-e-mt_C7abt7pRr6): Read and spell words containing split digraphs (a-e, e-e, i-e, o-e, u-e), where a vowel and final e work together across a consonant - [Syllables](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/syllables-mt_UvNrOXny1i): Count, blend, and segment syllables in spoken words; divide written words into syllables as an aid to reading and spelling - [Trigraphs](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/trigraphs-mt_roAgL1rQRF): Read and spell words containing trigraphs — three-letter graphemes representing a single sound (igh, air, ear, are) - [Predicting what happens next](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/predicting-what-happens-next-mt_8-POYyg7GJ): Predict what might happen next in a story based on what has been read so far; discuss the significance of titles and events - [Book Features and Author's Reasons](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/book-features-and-authors-reasons-mt_XeMZdf2Y9W): Identify front cover, back cover, and title page of a book; identify the reasons an author gives to support points in informational text - [Characters, settings, and events](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/characters-settings-and-events-mt_sSQlLOnAow): Identify characters, settings, and major events in stories; become familiar with key stories, fairy tales, and traditional tales and retell them with key details in sequence - [Comparing Characters Across Stories](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/comparing-characters-across-stories-mt_GLY3R3YSlf): Compare and contrast the adventures and experiences of characters in familiar stories; identify similarities and differences between two texts on the same topic - [Connecting reading to experience](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/connecting-reading-to-experience-mt_5n-O41lUgn): Link what is read or heard to own experiences; draw on background knowledge and vocabulary to support understanding of texts - [Different Types of Texts](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/different-types-of-texts-mt_gZIo5oiBMt): Recognise common types of texts (storybooks, poems, non-fiction); name the author and illustrator and define the role of each in telling or presenting a text - [Discussing Texts as a Group](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/discussing-texts-as-a-group-mt_thsY1ZesaU): Participate in discussions about what is read, taking turns and listening to others; explain understanding clearly; actively engage in group reading activities - ...and 30 more at https://lightmysky.com/learn/english ## History - [Discovering Tutankhamun's Tomb](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/discovering-tutankhamuns-tomb-mt_IR8kIjZn_V): Understand that we know about ancient Egypt because archaeologists have dug up and studied objects buried in the sand for thousands of years — and that one of the most exciting discoveries ever was when Howard Carter found the hidden tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922, filled with golden treasures - [Egyptian Gods and the Afterlife](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/egyptian-gods-and-the-afterlife-mt_bvxkT1nepy): Understand that ancient Egyptians worshipped many gods and goddesses and believed life continued after death. They hoped to reach a good afterlife and prepared bodies and burial goods to help the dead person on that journey. - [Egypt, the Nile, and the Desert](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/egypt-the-nile-and-the-desert-mt_8UL1opbJEt): Locate Egypt on a map of Africa and understand that it is a country in a very hot, dry desert, but the River Nile — the longest river in the world — flows through it, bringing water and rich soil that allowed people to grow food and build one of the earliest great civilisations - [Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/everyday-life-in-ancient-egypt-mt_P0HBNfp46z): Describe what everyday life was like for ordinary people in ancient Egypt: farmers grew wheat and barley near the Nile, families lived in mud-brick houses, children played games and had pets, and people ate bread, fish, fruit, and vegetables - [Hieroglyphs and Papyrus](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/hieroglyphs-and-papyrus-mt_iFkd0CTwlA): Know that the ancient Egyptians used a special writing system called hieroglyphs — pictures and symbols that stood for sounds and words — and that they wrote on a paper-like material called papyrus, which was made from a plant that grew along the Nile - [Pharaohs and Tutankhamun](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/pharaohs-and-tutankhamun-mt_E7avIa-tcE): Know that ancient Egypt was ruled by powerful kings and queens called pharaohs, who lived in grand palaces and made the laws — and that one of the most famous pharaohs is Tutankhamun, a boy who became pharaoh as a child and whose golden tomb was discovered thousands of years later - [Pyramids and the Great Sphinx](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/pyramids-and-the-great-sphinx-mt_mmudyxf7bT): Know that the ancient Egyptians built enormous stone pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs, that the Great Pyramid at Giza was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and is still standing today, and that the Great Sphinx — a statue with a lion's body and a human head — guards the pyramids - [Vocabulary: ancient egypt](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/vocabulary-ancient-egypt-mt_szw1Ln490b): Know and use the key vocabulary of ancient Egypt — pharaoh, pyramid, tomb, mummy/mummification, hieroglyphs, papyrus, sarcophagus, canopic jar, natron, archaeologist, artefact, Nile, delta, irrigation, shaduf, scribe, vizier, obelisk, sphinx, cartouche — and apply these terms accurately when describing Egyptian society, religion, and material culture - [Ancient Greece and Rome on the Map](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/ancient-greece-and-rome-on-the-map-mt_mMMXD4v9Sh): Locate Greece and Italy on a map and know they are countries around the Mediterranean Sea where two great ancient civilisations — Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome — grew up thousands of years ago, long after the ancient Egyptians but long before our time - [Ancient life vs today](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/ancient-life-vs-today-mt_19qy2uuaKp): Compare how children in ancient Greece or Rome lived with how children live today — including differences in school (writing on wax tablets, learning to fight in Sparta), food (olives, bread, grapes), games, and clothing (tunics and sandals) — and understand these civilisations existed thousands of years ago - [Greek gods & Mount Olympus](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/greek-gods-and-mount-olympus-mt_H1pAi4F_Oh): Know that the ancient Greeks believed in many gods and goddesses who lived on Mount Olympus — including Zeus (king of the gods, thunder), Athena (wisdom), Poseidon (the sea), Hermes (messages), and Aphrodite (love) — and that each god had special powers and a role in the world - [Greek Myths and Heroes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/greek-myths-and-heroes-mt_PhIZNl2230): Retell at least one Greek myth involving a hero and a monster — such as Theseus and the Minotaur in the labyrinth, Heracles (Hercules) and the lion, or Perseus and Medusa — and understand that these were stories ancient Greeks told to explain the world and teach lessons - [Roman soldiers & builders](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/roman-soldiers-and-builders-mt_VjxyJLtIbT): Know that Roman soldiers marched across a huge empire building straight roads and strong walls, and that some Roman roads, walls, and buildings can still be seen today — showing that the Romans were powerful builders whose work has lasted thousands of years - [Romulus & Remus](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/romulus-and-remus-mt_zh_RyesCgZ): Know the Roman legend of Romulus and Remus: twin babies cared for by a she-wolf, with Romulus later named as Rome's founder. Understand that Romans told this story to explain their city's beginning, and that the legend is not proof of its events. - [The first Olympics](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/the-first-olympics-mt_bKV2JYNwf7): Know that the Olympic Games began in ancient Greece at a place called Olympia as athletic competitions held in honour of Zeus, and that the modern Olympic Games we watch today were inspired by those ancient games - [Kings & Queens](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/kings-and-queens-mt_2DBPJ38iWl): What medieval kings and queens did: ruling the land, making laws, collecting taxes; the crown and throne as symbols of power; the Tower of London - [Knights & Armour](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/knights-and-armour-mt_M_xcaRcvSo): What knights were: trained warriors who served a lord; armour, shields, swords, and lances; the code of chivalry as rules for how knights should behave - [Medieval Clothing](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/medieval-clothing-mt_R1xLS1c2Pg): What people wore in medieval times: peasant clothes (wool, linen) vs noble clothes (silk, fur, bright colours); no zippers or buttons; how clothes showed your place in society - [Medieval Food & Feasts](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/medieval-food-and-feasts-mt_2NKzPeLzIm): What people ate in medieval times: bread and pottage for ordinary people, grand feasts for the rich; no forks, eating with hands; the great hall as the centre of castle life - [Robin Hood & King Arthur](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/robin-hood-and-king-arthur-mt_0FYFiLTqx4): The legends of Robin Hood (Sherwood Forest, stealing from the rich, Merry Men) and King Arthur (Round Table, Excalibur, Camelot); that these are stories, not proven history, but reflect medieval values - [The Vikings](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/the-vikings-mt_X5fdB4haHf): Who the Vikings were: seafaring warriors and traders from Scandinavia; longships; Viking raids on Britain; that Vikings also settled and farmed - [Village Life](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/village-life-mt_PThM5P7Umd): Daily life for ordinary people in a medieval village: thatched houses, farming, baking bread, fetching water; how different life was from today - [What Is a Castle?](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/what-is-a-castle-mt_oN7fI4d_kU): What a castle is: a fortified building used as both a home and a defence; key parts including towers, moat, drawbridge, and thick walls; why castles were built - [Past Events and Change](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/past-events-and-change-mt_wy086IHQ0G): Notice changes in everyday life that older people remember. Compare homes, toys, schools and transport from different times. Learn about events much further back, such as the Great Fire of London. - [Significant Historical Figures](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/significant-historical-figures-mt_f4W-c5trxf): Learn about people whose actions mattered in the past, including explorers, inventors, rulers and campaigners. Compare people from different times and explain how daily life changed between them. ## Learning to Learn - [Asking for Help with Learning](https://lightmysky.com/learn/learning-to-learn/asking-for-help-with-learning-mt_mvXufozy2s): Ask for help when you've had a go yourself and are still stuck — knowing when to ask is a skill in itself - [Checking your own work](https://lightmysky.com/learn/learning-to-learn/checking-your-own-work-mt_8dstvf-KKb): After finishing a task, look back at what you did and ask yourself: does this seem right? - [Persisting When It's Hard](https://lightmysky.com/learn/learning-to-learn/persisting-when-its-hard-mt_S4G6GLKr1-): Keep learning when a task feels hard. Try another way, ask for a hint, or take a break and return. ## Life Skills - [Buyers & Sellers](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/buyers-and-sellers-mt_SbEaQnMQoD): When someone makes or has something, they can sell it; when someone wants something, they can buy it; introduction to the concept of exchange and transactions - [Goods & Services](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/goods-and-services-mt_RgQxPddV8v): Some people make things (goods) and some people do things for others (services); recognising both in everyday life and understanding that both have value - [Making Something to Sell](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/making-something-to-sell-mt_CrGnpVjnk8): The experience of creating a product to sell — a craft, a drawing, baked goods; what makes something worth buying; pride in making something others want - [Who Is a Customer?](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/who-is-a-customer-mt_vpMDMbx4pc): Understanding that a customer is someone who buys what you make or do; thinking about what customers want and need; the idea that businesses serve people - [Buying Things](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/buying-things-mt_RNRymbz5SO): How buying and selling works: prices, paying for items, receiving change; the basic transaction process in shops and markets - [Coins & Notes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/coins-and-notes-mt_FIkqA0qhnj): Recognising common coins and notes, knowing their values, and understanding that different combinations can make the same amount - [Jobs People Do](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/jobs-people-do-mt_asRwlPZXC3): Different kinds of work people do; that people earn money by working; how jobs help the community; linking personal interests to possible jobs - [Looking After Money](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/looking-after-money-mt_FNSeo9_T2Z): Keeping money safe; not losing coins or notes; understanding that money has real value and should be treated carefully; basic money responsibility - [Needs & Wants](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/needs-and-wants-mt__ab4knIaSL): The difference between things we need (food, shelter, clothing) and things we want (toys, treats); that we sometimes have to choose because money is limited - [Saving Money](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/saving-money-mt_zrCyqhngYm): Why people save money; piggy banks and saving jars; setting a savings goal; the idea that not spending now means having more later - [What Money Is](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/what-money-is-mt_SsS7GptD_o): What money is and why we use it; that money is exchanged for goods and services; brief history from barter to coins to digital payments ## Mathematics - [Addition and subtraction word problems](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/addition-and-subtraction-word-problems-mt_yJmvUCCym7): Solve addition and subtraction word problems within 10 using objects or drawings - [Addition as combining or putting together two groups](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/addition-as-combining-or-putting-together-two-groups-mt_OvyoRo47K-): Understand addition as combining or putting together two groups to find the total - [Number bonds to 10](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/number-bonds-to-10-mt_e8CZ7E5qW7): Find the number that makes 10 when added to a given number from 1 to 9 (number bonds to 10) - [Numbers up to 10 into pairs](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/numbers-up-to-10-into-pairs-mt_7XcCG43ZZW): Decompose numbers up to 10 into pairs in more than one way (part-part-whole) - [Representing Addition and Subtraction](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/representing-addition-and-subtraction-mt_PgsHGYJMH-): Represent addition and subtraction using objects, drawings, and mental images - [Subtraction as taking away or separating](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/subtraction-as-taking-away-or-separating-mt_zuKAX6lcYR): Understand subtraction as taking away or separating from a group to find how many remain - [Adding and subtracting](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/adding-and-subtracting-mt_mr_Vk7FGzK): Add and subtract one-digit and two-digit numbers to 20, including zero - [Early Word Problems](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/early-word-problems-mt_VAWV_l7J0D): Solve one-step word problems involving addition and subtraction to 20, including missing-number problems - [Fluent adding and subtracting within 5](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-5-mt_ghF3Vv6taM): Fluently add and subtract within 5 - [Number bonds](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/number-bonds-mt_s2mfRBoTal): Recall number bonds (addition and related subtraction facts) within 20 - [Reading +, −, and = symbols](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/reading-and-symbols-mt_8RmpkDxT9L): Read, write, and interpret the symbols +, −, and = in number sentences - [Comparing groups: more or fewer](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/comparing-groups-more-or-fewer-mt__h7hvT4tEb): Compare two groups of objects to determine which has more, fewer, or whether they are equal, using matching and counting strategies - [How Many in Total?](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/how-many-in-total-mt_dmNvjroCPT): Cardinality principle: the last number said when counting a set tells how many objects are in the set, regardless of arrangement or order counted - [One More Each Time](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/one-more-each-time-mt_sYpKWbq5ra): Each successive counting number represents a quantity that is one larger than the previous number - [One-to-one counting](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/one-to-one-counting-mt_WcfaSfVT33): One-to-one correspondence when counting objects: each object is paired with exactly one number name - [Showing numbers many ways](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/showing-numbers-many-ways-mt_pAcaehday5): Represent numbers using objects, pictorial representations, and the number line - [Counting in 2s, 5s and 10s](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/counting-in-2s-5s-and-10s-mt_nvdpxAJTBG): Count in multiples of 2, 5, and 10 (skip counting) - [Counting objects to 20](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/counting-objects-to-20-mt_yqAL6O5i_v): Count up to 20 objects in structured arrangements, count up to 10 scattered objects, and count out a requested amount from 1 to 20. - [Rote counting to 100](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/rote-counting-to-100-mt_M5PPDJStGm): Rote count forwards and backwards from 0 to 100, beginning from 0, 1, or any given number, by ones - [Two written numerals between 1 and 10](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/two-written-numerals-between-1-and-10-mt__YRJ23GuIK): Compare two written numerals between 1 and 10 to determine which is greater or less - [Sorting into categories](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/sorting-into-categories-mt_xppl18avyY): Classify objects into given categories, count the number in each category, and sort the categories by count - [Finding quarters (age 5+)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/finding-quarters-age-5-mt_g3W0mdADVu): Recognise, find, and name a quarter as one of four equal parts of an object, shape, or quantity - [What Is a Half?](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/what-is-a-half-mt_-hTTat0mBR): Recognise, find, and name a half as one of two equal parts of an object, shape, or quantity - [2-D shapes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/2-d-shapes-mt_KJeEeTutJI): Recognise and name common 2-D shapes (circles, triangles, rectangles including squares) - [3-D shapes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/3-d-shapes-mt_Qcp2d_kuta): Recognise and name common 3-D shapes (cubes, cuboids, pyramids, spheres, cylinders, cones) - [Positional Language](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/positional-language-mt_qeZYF6HZ4o): Describe the position of objects using terms such as above, below, beside, in front of, behind, next to - [Comparing 2-D and 3-D shapes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/comparing-2-d-and-3-d-shapes-mt_yGv8doDAmp): Analyse and compare 2-D and 3-D shapes using informal language to describe sides, vertices, and other attributes - [Building & Drawing Shapes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/building-and-drawing-shapes-mt_2VR963szuk): Model shapes by building from components (e.g. sticks and clay balls) and by drawing - [Combining Simple Shapes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/combining-simple-shapes-mt_XjwUlmxdCT): Compose simple shapes to form larger shapes (e.g. two triangles make a rectangle) - [Flat vs Solid Shapes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/flat-vs-solid-shapes-mt_mnEVZNkX3p): Distinguish two-dimensional (flat) shapes from three-dimensional (solid) shapes - [Turns & Directions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/turns-and-directions-mt_Y9XKzLrUAZ): Describe movement and direction, including whole, half, quarter, and three-quarter turns - [Early Maths Vocabulary](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/early-maths-vocabulary-mt_lMz9nAs7VO): Use mathematical words carefully when counting, comparing, and describing shapes and positions - [Finding efficient methods](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/finding-efficient-methods-mt_RFeVlw0QvX): Notice when a calculation or pattern repeats and use this to count more efficiently or predict results - [Hands-On Problem Solving](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/hands-on-problem-solving-mt_20WfHhnL39): Select and use familiar tools (concrete objects, fingers, ten frames) to help solve a mathematical problem - [Making Sense of Problems](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/making-sense-of-problems-mt_WkKkb7W9Qd): Make sense of a problem by identifying what is being asked, choosing concrete objects or pictures to represent the situation, and explaining a pathway to the solution - [Real-World to Maths Connections](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/real-world-to-maths-connections-mt_IM1G_7QzTa): Move between a real-world situation and a mathematical representation using concrete objects, drawings, diagrams, tables, number sentences, or bar models - [Showing Your Working](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/showing-your-working-mt_nyK25mNOeR): Show and tell how a mathematical answer was found using objects, drawings, and spoken words - [Spotting mathematical patterns](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/spotting-mathematical-patterns-mt_uG2mjHFOlO): Notice simple patterns and structures: spot that changing order doesn't change the total, and recognise how numbers relate to each other - [Using objects to model real problems](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/using-objects-to-model-real-problems-mt_fLOkq-HfPB): Use objects, drawings, or simple number sentences to represent a real-world situation (early mathematical modelling) - [Comparing Capacity](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/comparing-capacity-mt_zkFbMLpu3U): Compare and describe capacity and volume using language such as full, empty, more than, less than, half full - ...and 19 more at https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics ## Personal & Social Development - [Expressing Feelings with Words](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/expressing-feelings-with-words-mt_kvrvpQris4): Express their own feelings appropriately using words rather than actions — saying 'I feel angry because...' instead of hitting, shouting, or withdrawing - [Feelings Change and Differ](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/feelings-change-and-differ-mt_ggcamLzXAy): Understand that everyone has feelings, that feelings change throughout the day, and that the same event can make different people feel different things - [Naming basic emotions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/naming-basic-emotions-mt_LhkP_KKIRS): Name common feelings, including happy, sad, angry, scared, excited and surprised. Use facial expressions, body movements and what happened as clues, while recognising that asking the person helps us understand their feeling. - [Triggers and Causes of Feelings](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/triggers-and-causes-of-feelings-mt_9Y5-GjF2B0): Understand that feelings have causes — something happens (a trigger) and that makes us feel a certain way — and begin to identify what triggers their own emotions - [Everyday Kindness and Care](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/everyday-kindness-and-care-mt_lAvS72LOUO): Show kindness and care towards others in simple everyday ways — comforting a friend who is upset, helping someone who has dropped their things, sharing without being asked, and saying kind words - [Other People's Feelings and Thoughts](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/other-peoples-feelings-and-thoughts-mt_wzUzVEBqJb): Understand that other people have their own feelings and thoughts, and that these might be different from your own — a foundational awareness that not everyone sees or feels things the same way - [Similarities & Differences](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/similarities-and-differences-mt_OJVkWvIaM_): Notice and appreciate ways that people are similar to and different from each other — including appearance, family structures, languages spoken, foods eaten, and celebrations observed — and understand that differences make communities interesting - [Vocabulary: understanding others](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/vocabulary-understanding-others-mt_wRlf0g2MbB): Know and use the key vocabulary for understanding others — empathy, perspective, kind, fair, community, similar, different, and care — and understand that these words describe real habits of thinking and feeling - [Asking for Help](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/asking-for-help-mt_PdYlsA33jB): Ask for help when they need it — from a friend, teacher, or family member — and understand that asking for help is a sign of strength, not weakness - [Listening to Others](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/listening-to-others-mt_YbX3LD0Eca): Listen to others when they are speaking — looking at the speaker, waiting until they finish, and showing they have heard by responding to what was said rather than just talking about their own ideas - [Makes someone a good friend](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/makes-someone-a-good-friend-mt_HBcvu0UxYe): Understand what makes someone a good friend — being kind, honest, reliable, and including others — and recognise behaviours that are not friendly, such as being bossy, leaving people out, or saying mean things - [Taking turns and sharing](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/taking-turns-and-sharing-mt_FwI7q7DSIx): Take turns and share materials during games and shared play. Follow an agreed turn order so each player has a chance to join in, and ask for help when waiting or sharing feels difficult. - [Vocabulary: working with others](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/vocabulary-working-with-others-mt_NS5t-Jzlh8): Know and use the vocabulary of working with others — cooperate, share, take turns, team, listen, agree, disagree respectfully, and include — and understand that these words describe habits that friendships and group work depend on - [Actions and Their Consequences](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/actions-and-their-consequences-mt_UHQfb-n-w3): Understand that actions have consequences — that what you choose to do affects both yourself and other people — and begin to think about what might happen before they act - [Everyday Safety Awareness](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/everyday-safety-awareness-mt_q3vRl4dddK): Keep themselves safe in everyday situations — knowing basic safety rules about roads, strangers, water, and the internet — and understanding who their trusted adults are and when to tell them something - [Right and Wrong Choices](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/right-and-wrong-choices-mt_Wc6cOTQ1bA): Know the difference between right and wrong in familiar everyday situations. Understand basic rules about honesty, not hurting others, respecting others' property and being fair. Choose to do the right thing even when it's harder. - [Rules and agreements exist](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/rules-and-agreements-exist-mt_rkrG2w7WXI): Understand why rules and agreements exist — that they help keep people safe, make things fair, and help groups work well together — and follow agreed rules willingly rather than only when being watched - [Vocabulary: making decisions and keeping safe](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/vocabulary-making-decisions-and-keeping-safe-mt_uTKgmWqSoI): Know and use words for making decisions and keeping safe such as choice, consequence, rule, safe, fair, honest, responsible, trusted adult and right and wrong, and know that naming ideas clearly helps make better choices - [Naming Your Feelings](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/naming-your-feelings-mt_69hFD2NgGe): Notice your feelings and try words such as happy, sad, or mad. Naming a feeling can help you tell someone how you feel. - [Vocabulary: self](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/vocabulary-self-mt_H4YZ1rSKP3): Know and use the vocabulary of self-reflection: self-awareness, reflect, pattern, trigger, assumption, impact, perspective, and notice, and understand that having precise words for these inner experiences makes them easier to understand and talk about - [Coping with Life Changes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/coping-with-life-changes-mt_aS-Gdh-MHx): Understand that change is a normal part of life — such as starting school, getting a new teacher, a new baby arriving, or moving house — and identify simple strategies that help them cope with changes - [Learning from Mistakes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/learning-from-mistakes-mt_UGf6jICEhs): Understand that making mistakes is a normal part of learning and that everyone — including adults — makes mistakes, and begin to see mistakes as opportunities to learn rather than reasons to give up - [Patience and Delayed Gratification](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/patience-and-delayed-gratification-mt_nNDX_jZ-cb): Wait for things they want without becoming very distressed — practising patience and delayed gratification in everyday situations like waiting their turn, waiting for a treat, or waiting for help - [Simple Calming Strategies](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/simple-calming-strategies-mt_Iwg2diBSyW): Use simple calming strategies when feeling upset or overwhelmed — such as taking deep breaths, counting to ten, or going to a quiet space — and understand that these help the body and mind settle down - [Words for Big Feelings](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/words-for-big-feelings-mt_SeNxOZTHCN): Know and use words for big feelings and calming down such as frustrated, anxious, overwhelmed, disappointed, calm, cope, settle, patience and breathe, and know that naming a feeling is the first step to calming down. - [Who I Am: Self-Concept and Strengths](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/who-i-am-self-concept-and-strengths-mt_j8rBUMPEuD): Describe who you are: your name, family, likes and dislikes, things you are good at and things you find hard — and notice that you are growing and can already do things you couldn't do before - [Water Safety](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/water-safety-mt_klF_Y8DraZ): Stay safe in and around water: recognise dangers at pools, beaches, rivers and ponds, follow the rules of each place (flags, signs, lifeguards, staying with an adult), and know what to do in trouble — float on your back, signal and shout - [Roads, Pavements and Crossing Safely](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/roads-pavements-and-crossing-safely-mt_xAX6ilyS-N): Where to walk, where to stop, and how to cross: find a safe place, stop at the kerb, look and listen both ways, and keep looking while you cross. Includes what a driver can and cannot see, and why a parked car is the worst place to step out from. ## Science - [Animal Camouflage](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/animal-camouflage-mt_pwo81ls_J-): Know that camouflage uses colours, patterns or shapes to help animals blend into their surroundings. It can help them avoid predators or approach prey. Examples include leaf insects, striped tigers and Arctic hares with white fur in snow. - [Animal Homes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/animal-homes-mt_oLHXfLujmh): Know that animals make or find many different kinds of homes — birds build nests, rabbits dig burrows, bees live in hives, hermit crabs use empty shells, spiders spin webs — and that these shelters protect them and their young - [Animal Record-Holders](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/animal-record-holders-mt_goZW_hQUa4): Know some of the world's animal record-holders — the blue whale is the largest animal ever, the cheetah is the fastest land animal, the bee hummingbird is the smallest bird, the giraffe is the tallest — and compare their sizes to familiar objects - [Animals Everywhere](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/animals-everywhere-mt_v3Vz_Pgjjv): Know that animals live in different places around the world, including on land and in water. Some animals can fly. Every continent, even icy Antarctica, has animals suited to the conditions where they live. - [How Animals Have Babies](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/how-animals-have-babies-mt_-vsLvsxp0L): Know that different animals have their babies in different ways — some lay eggs (birds, reptiles, fish, insects), some give birth to live young (most mammals) — and that babies may look like miniature adults or look very different from their parents - [Nocturnal Animals](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/nocturnal-animals-mt_V_wIdRZLsG): Know that some animals are nocturnal — active at night and sleeping during the day — and that nocturnal animals often have special features like big eyes (owls, tarsiers), large ears (bats, fennec foxes), or sensitive whiskers to help them find food in the dark - [Wild, Farm & Pet Animals](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/wild-farm-and-pet-animals-mt_muxjw0fxxN): Understand the difference between wild animals, farm animals, and pets — wild animals find their own food and shelter in nature; farm animals are kept by people for food, wool, or eggs; pets are animals people keep for companionship — and know that wild animals should be observed from a distance - [Dinosaur Sizes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/dinosaur-sizes-mt_u0TeRwRII_): Compare dinosaur sizes to familiar things — some dinosaurs were as tall as a house, others were as small as a chicken — and understand that dinosaurs came in a huge range of sizes - [Dinosaurs Were Real](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/dinosaurs-were-real-mt_dpM1l5IOk6): Understand that dinosaurs are real animals. T. rex lived long ago and is extinct, while birds are dinosaurs alive today. - [Famous Dinosaur Species](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/famous-dinosaur-species-mt_BnabTHkNIp): Recognise and name common well-known dinosaur species: Tyrannosaurus rex, Triceratops, Stegosaurus, and Brachiosaurus/Diplodocus, describing a basic feature of each - [Fossils & Palaeontologists](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/fossils-and-palaeontologists-mt_bKlnc7dyVK): Understand that fossils are the remains of ancient living things preserved in rock, and that scientists called palaeontologists study fossils to learn about dinosaurs - [Plant-Eaters vs Meat-Eaters](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/plant-eaters-vs-meat-eaters-mt_DJh2JPwTf6): Sort dinosaurs into plant-eaters (herbivores) and meat-eaters (carnivores) by looking at clues like tooth shape — flat teeth for plants, sharp teeth for meat - [Real Dinosaurs vs Fiction](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/real-dinosaurs-vs-fiction-mt_JednrdYqpt): Distinguish real dinosaurs from fictional or commonly confused creatures — pterosaurs (flying reptiles) and plesiosaurs (marine reptiles) were not dinosaurs, and movie dinosaurs are not always accurate - [How Organisms Shape Habitats](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/how-organisms-shape-habitats-mt_qixeaiswFP): Construct an argument supported by evidence for how plants and animals can change the environment to meet their needs - [Local weather patterns](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/local-weather-patterns-mt_HZvTriQWTh): Use and share observations of local weather conditions to describe patterns over time, recording temperature, rainfall, and other conditions - [Seasonal changes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/seasonal-changes-mt_go5i87u2b9): Observe changes across the four seasons and describe weather associated with each season, including how day length varies - [Plants and animals in their habitats](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/plants-and-animals-in-their-habitats-mt_e6PP4ip39V): Use a model to represent the relationship between the needs of different plants and animals and the places they live, connecting organism needs to habitat features - [Reducing Human Impact](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/reducing-human-impact-mt_deexfCHU9m): Communicate solutions that will reduce the impact of humans on the land, water, air, and other living things in the local environment - [Building shade from the sun](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/building-shade-from-the-sun-mt_2agkUcdah9): Use tools and materials to design and build a structure that will reduce the warming effect of sunlight on an area, such as a shade or shelter - [Sunlight warms things up](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/sunlight-warms-things-up-mt_iGSfQg3g5c): Make observations to determine the effect of sunlight on Earth's surface, noticing that sunlight warms the ground, water, and objects - [Forces Vocabulary](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/forces-vocabulary-mt_GBY8enpzO0): Name and describe forces using precise vocabulary (force, push, pull, twist, stretch, squash, contact force, non-contact force, gravity, weight, friction, air resistance, upthrust), and distinguish between forces that require physical contact and forces that act at a distance - [Pushes & Pulls](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/pushes-and-pulls-mt_B3W5EfimJw): Understand that pushes and pulls are forces that can change the speed or direction of an object's motion, and compare the effects of different strengths and directions - [Testing Push & Pull Designs](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/testing-push-and-pull-designs-mt_RlILL2sccX): Analyse data to determine if a design solution works as intended to change the speed or direction of an object with a push or pull - [Caring for minibeasts](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/caring-for-minibeasts-mt_LTb0ZReMR2): Caring for minibeasts: observing minibeasts gently, handling them carefully, putting them back where you found them. Why minibeasts matter — they help gardens grow, break down dead leaves, and feed other animals. - [Caterpillar to butterfly](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/caterpillar-to-butterfly-mt_Wr6DDgr_kH): Caterpillar to butterfly: the life cycle of a butterfly as an observable transformation. Egg → caterpillar → chrysalis → butterfly. The idea that one creature can change its whole form. Classroom butterfly kits, The Very Hungry Caterpillar. - [Common minibeasts: naming and recognising](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/common-minibeasts-naming-and-recognising-mt_yR1moI5kX1): Recognising and naming common minibeasts: ladybird, ant, bee, butterfly, spider, snail, worm, woodlouse, caterpillar, beetle. Building positive attitudes toward all minibeasts, not just the 'pretty' ones. - [How minibeasts move](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/how-minibeasts-move-mt__7hXSTbu9s): How minibeasts move: crawling (ants, beetles), flying (butterflies, bees), slithering (worms, slugs), jumping (grasshoppers, fleas), burrowing (earthworms). Counting legs as a first step toward grouping creatures. - [Minibeast Habitats](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/minibeast-habitats-mt_zir5yyAzUB): Where minibeasts live: micro-habitats. Different minibeasts prefer different conditions — under logs (damp, dark), in soil (underground), on leaves (sunny), in pond water (wet). The idea that you find different creatures in different places. - [Minibeasts in the food chain](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/minibeasts-in-the-food-chain-mt_QH-Fs97twT): Minibeasts in the food chain: simple garden food chains. A caterpillar eats a leaf, a bird eats the caterpillar. The idea that minibeasts are food for other animals, and that minibeasts eat things too. - [What is a minibeast?](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/what-is-a-minibeast-mt_BI6oGIO-xM): What is a minibeast? Small creatures without backbones, found in gardens, parks, and woodland. Bug hunts — searching under logs, stones, and leaves using magnifying glasses to observe minibeasts up close. - [Describing Material Properties](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/describing-material-properties-mt_auVZZEuXjs): Describe simple physical properties of everyday materials such as hard/soft, stretchy/stiff, shiny/dull, rough/smooth, waterproof/absorbent, transparent/opaque - [Grouping Materials](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/grouping-materials-mt_SwaNNdm_Ks): Compare and group everyday materials based on their simple physical properties - [Naming Everyday Materials](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/naming-everyday-materials-mt_ZAJvTcroFO): Identify and name a variety of everyday materials including wood, plastic, glass, metal, water, and rock - [Objects vs Materials](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/objects-vs-materials-mt_5r47Pvstyn): Distinguish between an object and the material from which it is made, understanding that objects can be made from different materials - [States of Matter Vocabulary](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/states-of-matter-vocabulary-mt_1JFUNQDwAJ): Name and tell apart the three states of matter (solid, liquid and gas) using property words: hard, rigid, runny, flows, keeps its shape, fills its container. Use 'change of state' to describe what happens when materials are heated or cooled. - [Coasts & Beaches](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/coasts-and-beaches-mt_4bJiGiMPmy): Know what a coast or beach is — the place where land meets the ocean — and that different coasts can be sandy, rocky, or muddy, each with different plants and animals - [Ocean Animal Variety](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/ocean-animal-variety-mt_ytUG3yjCYt): Recognise that many kinds of animals live in the ocean, including seahorses, clownfish, whales, sharks, crabs, and octopuses, and that they differ in size and shape - [Ocean Food Chains](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/ocean-food-chains-mt_l6OpmOKMuT): Describe a simple ocean food chain: tiny plants (phytoplankton) are eaten by small animals, which are eaten by bigger fish, which are eaten by top predators like sharks — showing that all ocean life depends on others for food - [Rock Pool Habitats](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/rock-pool-habitats-mt_w2u9bXP9n7): Explore rock pools (tide pools) as small ocean habitats where crabs, anemones, starfish, and small fish can be found, and understand that these creatures are adapted to survive crashing waves and changing water levels - [Whales & Dolphins Are Mammals](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/whales-and-dolphins-are-mammals-mt_mRCPP_Ab2W): Know that whales and dolphins are mammals, not fish — they breathe air, are warm-blooded, and feed their babies milk — even though they live in the ocean - ...and 59 more at https://lightmysky.com/learn/science ## Geography - [First Maps and Globes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/first-maps-and-globes-mt_wwNUtlTw7m): Draw simple maps of familiar places (a bedroom, the route to school) and use maps, globes and photographs to describe places: finding land and water on a globe, spotting buildings and roads in a photo, saying what a place is like - [Places Near and Far](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/places-near-and-far-mt_zbCartJJ2j): Every place has its own character: weather, land, plants, buildings and how people live; some places are near (our street, our town) and some are far away, and far-off places can be very different from home - [Types of Communities](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/types-of-communities-mt_AAUExZ1Swj): Communities come in different types: cities, towns, suburbs, villages and farms; each uses its environment to meet daily needs for food, water, shelter and work, and different kinds of jobs are found in each - [Moving People, Goods and Ideas](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/moving-people-goods-and-ideas-mt_MJ4amGf5DN): People, goods and ideas travel from place to place: why families move, how food and toys reach the shops by ship, lorry, train and plane, and how ideas spread through letters, books, calls and the internet ## Civics & Economics - [What Is Government?](https://lightmysky.com/learn/civics-and-economics/what-is-government-mt_5JieIg_5_L): What a government is and what it does: making rules for everyone, keeping people safe, and providing things families use every day, like schools, roads, parks, libraries and firefighters - [Community Helpers and Leaders](https://lightmysky.com/learn/civics-and-economics/community-helpers-and-leaders-mt_8akvgAO8Dr): Who holds authority in a community and why: mayors, judges, police officers, teachers and principals; how each role helps, how everyone plays a part, and how people work together to fix local problems - [Deciding Together](https://lightmysky.com/learn/civics-and-economics/deciding-together-mt_GduE5KnI1e): Make decisions as a group and act on them: listen to each person's idea, look for an option most people can accept, and vote when the group can't agree; then help carry out what was decided, even if you voted differently - [Where Things Come From](https://lightmysky.com/learn/civics-and-economics/where-things-come-from-mt_9v5-1k236E): Some things are made or grown nearby and others come from far away; bananas, toys and clothes travel by ship, truck and plane; places trade with each other because no place can make everything it needs ## Arts & Music - [Art Materials and Techniques](https://lightmysky.com/learn/arts-and-music/art-materials-and-techniques-mt_FQa-W9aXrg): Explore drawing, painting and simple sculpture to share ideas and experiences; try out colour, pattern, texture, line and shape with different materials (pencils, paint, clay, collage) and talk about the effects - [Listening to Music](https://lightmysky.com/learn/arts-and-music/listening-to-music-mt_sVUxOvaDOO): Listen with concentration to a wide range of music: pick out instruments and voices, describe how pieces change (faster, slower, louder, quieter) and recall sounds and short patterns from memory with growing accuracy - [Exploring and Making Sounds](https://lightmysky.com/learn/arts-and-music/exploring-and-making-sounds-mt_HkEHXVCzRe): Experiment with sounds from voices, objects and instruments: make them louder or quieter, higher or lower, faster or slower; choose and combine sounds to match a mood, a story or a picture ## Design & Technology - [Designing Products](https://lightmysky.com/learn/design-and-technology/designing-products-mt_fZo-OWjM-T): Design purposeful products for yourself and other users: say who a product is for and what it must do, gather ideas from looking and asking, set simple design criteria, and describe or draw a design that meets them - [Using Tools Safely](https://lightmysky.com/learn/design-and-technology/using-tools-safely-mt_8_IFOc79VA): Choose and use tools and equipment for cutting, shaping, joining and finishing (scissors, hole punches, saws, sandpaper, glue): match the tool to the material and the job, and explain the safety rules for each - [Where Food Comes From](https://lightmysky.com/learn/design-and-technology/where-food-comes-from-mt_HTJsTS1XzU): Where food comes from: which foods are grown, reared or caught (wheat, apples, milk, fish); how ingredients travel from farms and seas to shops; seasonality, and why some fruits and vegetables are only picked at certain times of year ## Languages - [Many languages, one world](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/many-languages-one-world-mt_XETW8tM2MC): People use thousands of languages to share ideas. Different languages can use different words for a familiar thing. A word names the thing; it is not the thing itself. - [Hearing the sounds of another language](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/hearing-the-sounds-of-another-language-mt_BNrRACypmh): Listen for differences between sounds in a new language and practise hearing words in short phrases. Listening and speaking can support each other as the learner practises. - [Copying sounds, rhythm and tune](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/copying-sounds-rhythm-and-tune-mt_v7Vd-VlVdA): Say back what you hear: the sounds, the beat of the phrase, and the way the voice rises and falls. Songs, chants and rhymes carry all three at once.