--- title: "What a 7-year-old learns" description: "653 topics are written for age 7, across 13 subjects." canonical: https://lightmysky.com/learn/age/7 source: https://lightmysky.com/learn/age/7.md retrieved: 2026-10-19 --- > **Agent view.** This is the Markdown twin of the page, for tools and assistants. > When to use this site, and the call that answers each job: https://lightmysky.com/agent-instructions.md > API description (OpenAPI 3.1): https://lightmysky.com/openapi.json · Authentication: https://lightmysky.com/auth.md > Pricing: https://lightmysky.com/pricing.md · Catalog: https://lightmysky.com/llms.txt · Full catalog: https://lightmysky.com/llms-full.txt > Every machine-readable file on this domain: https://lightmysky.com/.well-known/ai-catalog.json > Ask for Markdown with `Accept: text/markdown`, a `.md` address, or `?mode=agent`. # What a 7-year-old learns 653 topics are written for age 7, across 13 subjects. Topics are placed by what they need, not by school year, so this is a starting point rather than a syllabus. Page: https://lightmysky.com/learn/age/7 ## Computing - [AI in Daily Life](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/ai-in-daily-life-mt_AzTrT5ySCx): Recognise AI uses such as face unlock, learned word prediction, video recommendations, photo sorting and voice assistants; distinguish learned patterns from a fixed sensor rule - [Computers in Everyday Life](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/computers-in-everyday-life-mt_XbGfVhfiUz): Identifying computers in everyday life: not just laptops but phones, tablets, smart speakers, traffic lights, washing machines; what makes something a computer - [Real-World Robots](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/real-world-robots-mt_jvJ35MmCvK): Real robots use computers to control moving parts for physical jobs. Examples include robot vacuums, factory arms and doctor-controlled surgery arms. Robots use software and are not living things. - [Smart Versus Not-Smart Devices](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/smart-versus-not-smart-devices-mt_WRRv1ABECC): Comparing ordinary objects with devices that have computer features, such as answering spoken questions. Sensors detect things and trigger responses, but sensing or using electricity alone does not prove that a device has smart computer features. - [Step-by-Step Instructions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/step-by-step-instructions-mt__p5n8z5soJ): Step-by-step instructions for everyday tasks (making a sandwich, brushing teeth); that if instructions are wrong or missing, things go wrong; computers follow instructions exactly - [Voice Assistants and How They Work](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/voice-assistants-and-how-they-work-mt_u6SYiVx7FX): How voice-assistant software handles spoken requests. A simple model follows listening, working out a request, finding an answer and speaking. Assistants can mishear, misinterpret requests or give mistaken answers. They are programs, not people with human feelings. - [AI in Computer Games](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/ai-in-computer-games-mt_fT4G0QloX5): How computer opponents choose game actions using fixed rules, move search or learning from examples; difficulty adjustment and level generation; why changed behavior alone does not prove learning - [AI Mistakes and Limitations](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/ai-mistakes-and-limitations-mt_bPFToj0OhZ): Machines make mistakes; they only know what they've been shown; bad training data leads to bad results; AI is not magic — just maths on data; showing edge cases and failures - [Data and Information for Computers](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/data-and-information-for-computers-mt_kH1DzOPsXG): What data is: information that computers use, such as numbers, words, pictures, and sounds. Computers use data they receive and can make new results from that data. - [Humans Versus Machines](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/humans-versus-machines-mt_oajUvqAiBJ): Compare people and computers on particular tasks, including calculation, storage, repetition, creativity and care. Introduce a simplified text-chat Turing Test and the limits of its conclusions. - [Machine Learning Basics](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/machine-learning-basics-mt_K6qtan847r): A basic explanation of machine learning: a computer studies many examples, finds patterns and makes predictions about new things. Includes hands-on practice with Teachable Machine or a similar tool. - [Patterns and Classification](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/patterns-and-classification-mt_ofOGCQ7FWj): Sorting items by a shared rule is classification. A computer can learn patterns from examples, and varied examples help us test whether its sorting works on new items. - [Recommendation Systems and Filter Bubbles](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/recommendation-systems-and-filter-bubbles-mt_EedcpioR0v): Recommendation systems use data, such as viewing history, to suggest things a person might like. Suggestions can save search time or introduce something new. Narrow suggestions can contribute to a filter bubble that limits exposure to different topics or views. - [Simple Programs: Sequences and Instructions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/simple-programs-sequences-and-instructions-mt_IUvBwahibH): Write, run and fix simple programs by putting instructions in order: plan a sequence of steps, predict what the program will do before running it, and hunt down the step that went wrong when it doesn't behave as expected - [Creating Digital Content](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/creating-digital-content-mt_dfhHVURsn6): Use technology purposefully to create and manage digital work: write and edit documents, make pictures, slides and simple videos, save files where they can be found again, and choose or combine the right software for the job ## English - [Monitoring Comprehension](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/monitoring-comprehension-mt_GugVunb2lI): Notice the difference between decoding words and understanding them. Recognise when you've read the words but not grasped the meaning, and do something about it. - [How Authors Create Effects](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/how-authors-create-effects-mt_QB4qIGJIIj): Recognise how an author's deliberate choices of words, structure, tone, and perspective create particular effects on you as a reader - [Inference vs Explicit Meaning](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/inference-vs-explicit-meaning-mt_lp3qyEujIv): Distinguish between what a text explicitly says and what you have inferred, assumed, or read in — knowing which is which is fundamental to honest comprehension - [Capitals for Names, Days and I](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/capitals-for-names-days-and-i-mt_uM6q_KBWKy): Use capital letters for proper nouns (names of people, places) the days of the week, and the personal pronoun 'I' - [Joining Words with 'And'](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/joining-words-with-and-mt_YXVQaufkKO): Join words and clauses using the conjunction 'and' to create longer sentences - [Prepositions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/prepositions-mt_VY3rBq8RyP): Understand and use the most frequently occurring prepositions of location and direction (e.g. to, from, in, out, on, off, for, by, with) - [Starting and ending sentences](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/starting-and-ending-sentences-mt_QEr24lqzvH): Begin sentences with a capital letter and end them with the appropriate mark (full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark); recognise and name end punctuation - [Apostrophes: Contraction and Possession](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/apostrophes-contraction-and-possession-mt_mKAZTqItRG): Use apostrophes in writing for both contraction (marking omitted letters) and singular possession, distinguishing the two uses - [Commas in lists](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/commas-in-lists-mt_ntqNLHsj5n): Use commas to separate items in a list within a sentence (e.g., 'I bought apples, bananas, and oranges') - [Determiners and articles](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/determiners-and-articles-mt_RioBUxHz1X): Use determiners (articles a/an/the and demonstratives this/that/these/those) correctly before nouns - [Expanded noun phrases](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/expanded-noun-phrases-mt_cU3LcEVkBQ): Use expanded noun phrases to describe and specify, adding adjectives and other modifiers before a noun (e.g., 'the blue butterfly', 'the old, creaky door') - [Four Types of Sentences](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/four-types-of-sentences-mt_u1-UfD0rTH): Understand and use the four sentence types — statement, question, exclamation, and command — recognising how grammatical patterns indicate sentence function - [Grammar Terms: Nouns, Verbs and Tense](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/grammar-terms-nouns-verbs-and-tense-mt_qzwQAOfurw): Use and understand Year 2 grammatical terminology in discussion: noun, noun phrase, statement, question, exclamation, command, compound, suffix, adjective, adverb, verb, tense (past/present), apostrophe, comma - [Past, Present and Progressive Tense](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/past-present-and-progressive-tense-mt_enj1sMcfOT): Use verbs to convey past and present tense correctly and consistently, including the progressive form (e.g., she is drumming, he was shouting), understanding how tense indicates time - [Pronouns](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/pronouns-mt_sZXPK1FnRB): Use personal, possessive, and indefinite pronouns correctly (e.g., I/me/my, they/them/their, anyone/everything), replacing nouns to avoid repetition - [Subject-verb agreement](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/subject-verb-agreement-mt_u7Jxjjatkh): Use singular and plural nouns with matching verbs in sentences, maintaining subject-verb agreement (e.g., 'He hops' vs 'We hop') - [Subordinate clauses](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/subordinate-clauses-mt_wq-1OJ_8s5): Use subordination (when, if, that, because) and co-ordination (or, and, but) to join clauses and create compound and complex sentences - [Adjectives vs adverbs](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/adjectives-vs-adverbs-mt_j351evNNnB): Use adjectives and adverbs correctly, choosing between them depending on whether a noun or verb/adjective is being modified (e.g., 'She ran quickly' vs 'She is quick') - [Choosing A or An](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/choosing-a-or-an-mt_2l06snztdP): Use the correct form of the indefinite article — 'a' before words beginning with a consonant sound and 'an' before words beginning with a vowel sound (e.g., a rock, an open box, an hour, a unicorn) - [Expressing Time, Place and Cause](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/expressing-time-place-and-cause-mt_uorNrPTh6U): Use conjunctions (when, before, after, while, so, because), adverbs (then, next, soon, therefore) and prepositions (before, after, during, in, because of) to express time, place and cause within and across sentences - [Grammar Terms: Clauses and Conjunctions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/grammar-terms-clauses-and-conjunctions-mt_B8JOz79O6t): Use and understand Year 3 grammatical terminology accurately when discussing reading and writing: preposition, conjunction, word family, prefix, clause, subordinate clause, direct speech, consonant letter, vowel letter, inverted commas/speech marks - [Irregular past tense verbs](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/irregular-past-tense-verbs-mt_KIG5FQI5fC): Form and use the past tense of frequently occurring irregular verbs correctly (e.g., sat, hid, told, went, came, ran), recognising that these do not follow the regular -ed pattern - [Irregular Plurals and Collective Nouns](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/irregular-plurals-and-collective-nouns-mt_nFBLNoChD0): Form and use irregular plural nouns (e.g., children, teeth, mice, geese) in addition to regular plurals, recognising that some nouns have irregular plural forms that do not follow the -s/-es pattern - [Pronouns for clarity](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/pronouns-for-clarity-mt_9yFAtUkoYr): Choose pronouns for clarity and cohesion, avoiding ambiguity and repetition; use reflexive pronouns correctly (e.g., myself, ourselves, himself) - [Punctuating Direct Speech](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/punctuating-direct-speech-mt_-mw3JeIjhU): Punctuate direct speech using inverted commas (speech marks), understanding that direct speech records the exact words spoken and must be enclosed in punctuation marks - [The Present Perfect Tense](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/the-present-perfect-tense-mt_7D-vlii8F-): Use the present perfect form of verbs in contrast to the simple past tense, understanding how the present perfect indicates an action completed at an unspecified time or with ongoing relevance (e.g., 'He has gone out' vs 'He went out') - [Joining Letters](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/joining-letters-mt_02DH7sGXCi): Begin to join letters using diagonal and horizontal strokes, understanding which letter pairs are best left unjoined, forming letters of correct size relative to one another - [Blending Sounds to Read Words](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/blending-sounds-to-read-words-mt__KHQttMde3): Apply phonic knowledge to blend sounds in unfamiliar words containing taught grapheme-phoneme correspondences; respond speedily to graphemes for all 40+ phonemes - [Consonant Digraphs](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/consonant-digraphs-mt_9-OHslmt1g): Read and spell words containing consonant digraphs and less common consonant spellings (ch, sh, th, ck, tch, ng, ph, wh, k for /k/) - [Onsets & Rimes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/onsets-and-rimes-mt_PvU3eoikev): Blend and segment onsets and rimes in single-syllable words; isolate and pronounce individual phonemes (initial, medial, final) in CVC words; add or substitute phonemes to make new words - [Vowel Digraphs](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/vowel-digraphs-mt_BtMbZibZUj): Read and spell words containing common vowel digraphs (ai, ay, ee, ea, oa, oe, oo, oi, oy) including where a digraph can represent more than one sound - [Compound Words](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/compound-words-mt_70Ys4i1AB1): Recognise and spell compound words written as one word by identifying the smaller words that form them - [Reading fluently](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/reading-fluently-mt_ZhvwM6LMBL): Read aloud books matched to phonic ability accurately and with growing fluency; reread familiar texts to build confidence, speed, and expression - [Reading High-Frequency Words by Sight](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/reading-high-frequency-words-by-sight-mt_YKkCM63fSC): Learn common words by matching their sounds and spellings, then practise recognising and using them in short sentences - [Reading Inflectional Endings](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/reading-inflectional-endings-mt__CMXZiPfTV): Read words containing taught GPCs with common inflectional endings (-s, -es, -ing, -ed, -er, -est) and the prefix un-; read multi-syllable words with taught patterns - [Split Digraphs and Magic E](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/split-digraphs-and-magic-e-mt_C7abt7pRr6): Read and spell words containing split digraphs (a-e, e-e, i-e, o-e, u-e), where a vowel and final e work together across a consonant - [Alternative Spellings for Known Sounds](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/alternative-spellings-for-known-sounds-mt_OgJPbGkrYk): Recognise alternative grapheme-phoneme correspondences for known phonemes (e.g., /dʒ/ as ge/dge/g, /s/ as c, /n/ as kn/gn, /r/ as wr, /ʒ/ as s), reading words with less common spellings for familiar sounds - [Reading with Expression and Accuracy](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/reading-with-expression-and-accuracy-mt_V-ldQp56bF): Read aloud with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression (prosody), re-reading familiar texts to build fluency and confidence, and using context to self-correct - [Syllables (age 6+)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/syllables-age-6-mt_kVzAFMuFc4): Decode words of two or more syllables by breaking them into syllable chunks, applying knowledge that every syllable must contain a vowel sound, and blending the parts together - [Decoding unfamiliar words](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/decoding-unfamiliar-words-mt_14OR-MhGJ9): Read Y3-4 exception words with unusual spelling-sound correspondences, applying growing knowledge of morphology and etymology to decode unfamiliar exception words - ...and 72 more at https://lightmysky.com/learn/english ## History - [Discovering Tutankhamun's Tomb](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/discovering-tutankhamuns-tomb-mt_IR8kIjZn_V): Understand that we know about ancient Egypt because archaeologists have dug up and studied objects buried in the sand for thousands of years — and that one of the most exciting discoveries ever was when Howard Carter found the hidden tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922, filled with golden treasures - [Egyptian Gods and the Afterlife](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/egyptian-gods-and-the-afterlife-mt_bvxkT1nepy): Understand that ancient Egyptians worshipped many gods and goddesses and believed life continued after death. They hoped to reach a good afterlife and prepared bodies and burial goods to help the dead person on that journey. - [Egypt, the Nile, and the Desert](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/egypt-the-nile-and-the-desert-mt_8UL1opbJEt): Locate Egypt on a map of Africa and understand that it is a country in a very hot, dry desert, but the River Nile — the longest river in the world — flows through it, bringing water and rich soil that allowed people to grow food and build one of the earliest great civilisations - [Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/everyday-life-in-ancient-egypt-mt_P0HBNfp46z): Describe what everyday life was like for ordinary people in ancient Egypt: farmers grew wheat and barley near the Nile, families lived in mud-brick houses, children played games and had pets, and people ate bread, fish, fruit, and vegetables - [Hieroglyphs and Papyrus](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/hieroglyphs-and-papyrus-mt_iFkd0CTwlA): Know that the ancient Egyptians used a special writing system called hieroglyphs — pictures and symbols that stood for sounds and words — and that they wrote on a paper-like material called papyrus, which was made from a plant that grew along the Nile - [Pharaohs and Tutankhamun](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/pharaohs-and-tutankhamun-mt_E7avIa-tcE): Know that ancient Egypt was ruled by powerful kings and queens called pharaohs, who lived in grand palaces and made the laws — and that one of the most famous pharaohs is Tutankhamun, a boy who became pharaoh as a child and whose golden tomb was discovered thousands of years later - [Pyramids and the Great Sphinx](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/pyramids-and-the-great-sphinx-mt_mmudyxf7bT): Know that the ancient Egyptians built enormous stone pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs, that the Great Pyramid at Giza was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and is still standing today, and that the Great Sphinx — a statue with a lion's body and a human head — guards the pyramids - [Vocabulary: ancient egypt](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/vocabulary-ancient-egypt-mt_szw1Ln490b): Know and use the key vocabulary of ancient Egypt — pharaoh, pyramid, tomb, mummy/mummification, hieroglyphs, papyrus, sarcophagus, canopic jar, natron, archaeologist, artefact, Nile, delta, irrigation, shaduf, scribe, vizier, obelisk, sphinx, cartouche — and apply these terms accurately when describing Egyptian society, religion, and material culture - [Ancient Egypt on the Timeline](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/ancient-egypt-on-the-timeline-mt_pTz6u49fQt): Place ancient Egypt on a timeline spanning over 3,000 years — from around 3100 BCE (unification under the first pharaoh) to 30 BCE (Roman conquest) — understanding that this civilisation lasted longer than the time between the Romans and today, and was divided into major periods: the Old Kingdom (pyramid age), Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom (empire age) - [Building the Pyramids](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/building-the-pyramids-mt_kgTN6yk4oE): Understand how the pyramids were built: thousands of workers moved enormous stone blocks using ramps, rollers, and sledges, the work was organised by the pharaoh's officials, and the design evolved from flat-topped mastabas to step pyramids (like Djoser's) to the smooth-sided Great Pyramid — and know that later pharaohs were buried in hidden rock-cut tombs in the Valley of the Kings - [Egyptian Gods and Goddesses](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/egyptian-gods-and-goddesses-mt_B1ATUEVNPz): Name and describe Egyptian gods and some roles in ancient belief: Ra and the sun, Osiris and the afterlife, Isis and magic and motherhood, Anubis and mummification, Horus and the sky, Thoth and writing, and Bastet and home protection. Explain that gods could have several roles and forms, and could share them. - [Egyptian Social Hierarchy](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/egyptian-social-hierarchy-mt_bEvMBUv4eG): Describe the social structure of ancient Egypt as a pyramid-shaped hierarchy: the pharaoh at the top, then priests and nobles, followed by scribes and soldiers, then craftworkers and merchants, and farmers and labourers at the base — understanding that a person's position was usually inherited and determined their whole way of life - [Egyptian Tomb Paintings and Artefacts](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/egyptian-tomb-paintings-and-artefacts-mt_yNGrY9xJ8Y): Use tomb paintings, artefacts, and objects from ancient Egypt as evidence to find out about daily life: Nebamun's tomb paintings show hunting and feasting, jewellery and furniture reveal craftsmanship, and everyday objects like pots and tools tell us what ordinary people used — understanding that these sources are how we piece together information about a civilisation that ended thousands of years ago - [Mummification Step by Step](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/mummification-step-by-step-mt_cJ8CeyRKKs): Describe the step-by-step process of mummification: the body was washed, internal organs were removed and placed in canopic jars, the body was dried with natron salt for 40 days, then wrapped in linen bandages with amulets tucked between the layers, and finally placed in a decorated coffin (sarcophagus) - [Scribes and the Rosetta Stone](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/scribes-and-the-rosetta-stone-mt_V_kAitNbLN): Know that scribes were specially trained people who could read and write hieroglyphs, that the Rosetta Stone — a slab with the same text in three scripts — was the key to cracking the hieroglyphic code, and that Jean-François Champollion used it to decipher hieroglyphs in 1822 after centuries of mystery - [Upper and Lower Egypt](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/upper-and-lower-egypt-mt_lSFwVU7V9g): Understand that ancient Egypt was divided into Upper Egypt (the narrow river valley in the south) and Lower Egypt (the wide delta in the north), that the two lands were united under one pharaoh, and that Egyptians managed the Nile's water through irrigation canals and shadufs to grow crops year-round - [Ancient Greece and Rome on the Map](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/ancient-greece-and-rome-on-the-map-mt_mMMXD4v9Sh): Locate Greece and Italy on a map and know they are countries around the Mediterranean Sea where two great ancient civilisations — Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome — grew up thousands of years ago, long after the ancient Egyptians but long before our time - [Ancient life vs today](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/ancient-life-vs-today-mt_19qy2uuaKp): Compare how children in ancient Greece or Rome lived with how children live today — including differences in school (writing on wax tablets, learning to fight in Sparta), food (olives, bread, grapes), games, and clothing (tunics and sandals) — and understand these civilisations existed thousands of years ago - [Greek gods & Mount Olympus](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/greek-gods-and-mount-olympus-mt_H1pAi4F_Oh): Know that the ancient Greeks believed in many gods and goddesses who lived on Mount Olympus — including Zeus (king of the gods, thunder), Athena (wisdom), Poseidon (the sea), Hermes (messages), and Aphrodite (love) — and that each god had special powers and a role in the world - [Greek Myths and Heroes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/greek-myths-and-heroes-mt_PhIZNl2230): Retell at least one Greek myth involving a hero and a monster — such as Theseus and the Minotaur in the labyrinth, Heracles (Hercules) and the lion, or Perseus and Medusa — and understand that these were stories ancient Greeks told to explain the world and teach lessons - [Roman soldiers & builders](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/roman-soldiers-and-builders-mt_VjxyJLtIbT): Know that Roman soldiers marched across a huge empire building straight roads and strong walls, and that some Roman roads, walls, and buildings can still be seen today — showing that the Romans were powerful builders whose work has lasted thousands of years - [Romulus & Remus](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/romulus-and-remus-mt_zh_RyesCgZ): Know the Roman legend of Romulus and Remus: twin babies cared for by a she-wolf, with Romulus later named as Rome's founder. Understand that Romans told this story to explain their city's beginning, and that the legend is not proof of its events. - [The first Olympics](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/the-first-olympics-mt_bKV2JYNwf7): Know that the Olympic Games began in ancient Greece at a place called Olympia as athletic competitions held in honour of Zeus, and that the modern Olympic Games we watch today were inspired by those ancient games - [Athenian Democracy](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/athenian-democracy-mt_8ad4U6msea): Understand Athenian democracy as an early system in which free adult male citizens debated and voted on city decisions in the Assembly. Women, enslaved people, foreign residents and children could not vote. Birth in Athens did not by itself grant voting rights. - [Athens Versus Sparta](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/athens-versus-sparta-mt_CSGqz245rV): Compare two Greek city-states. Athens was known for learning, arts, debate and democracy. Sparta placed great emphasis on military training and discipline. A city-state governed a city and nearby land. Education and political rights differed between groups of people. - [Boudicca's Revolt Against Rome](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/boudiccas-revolt-against-rome-mt_e1Yr6rhRNW): Tell the story of Boudicca, queen of the Iceni tribe, who led a fierce revolt against Roman rule in Britain — burning Colchester, London, and St Albans — before her army was defeated, and understand her significance as a symbol of resistance against a powerful empire - [Daily Life in a Roman Town](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/daily-life-in-a-roman-town-mt_6nqVnVdexe): Describe daily life in a Roman town — the forum (marketplace and meeting place), public baths, amphitheatre, and villas — and explain that the Romans were brilliant engineers who built straight roads, aqueducts to carry water, underfloor heating (hypocaust), and Hadrian's Wall to mark the empire's northern frontier in Britain - [Gladiators & Pompeii](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/gladiators-and-pompeii-mt_VP9yZJ1xeP): Know that Romans watched gladiators fight in huge arenas like the Colosseum in Rome, that gladiators were usually enslaved people or prisoners trained to fight, and that the city of Pompeii was buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79, preserving an extraordinary snapshot of Roman daily life - [Gods & the Parthenon](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/gods-and-the-parthenon-mt_W_CNRTBgYR): Name the major Greek gods and their roles — Zeus (king, thunder), Hera (queen, marriage), Athena (wisdom, warfare), Poseidon (sea), Apollo (sun, music), Artemis (hunting, moon), Ares (war), Aphrodite (love), Hermes (messengers), Hephaestus (fire, crafts), Hades (underworld) — and know that the Parthenon in Athens was a grand temple built to honour Athena - [Greek Gods with Roman Names](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/greek-gods-with-roman-names-mt_FDKd7I79JZ): Understand that the Romans adopted the Greek gods but gave them new names — Zeus became Jupiter, Hera became Juno, Ares became Mars, Athena became Minerva, Poseidon became Neptune, Aphrodite became Venus — and that this shows how deeply Rome was influenced by Greek culture - [Greek theatre](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/greek-theatre-mt_f4O__f3OU4): Know that the ancient Greeks invented theatre, performing tragedies and comedies in large open-air amphitheatres with actors wearing masks — and that plays were performed as part of religious festivals honouring the god Dionysus, with audiences of thousands - [Marathon and Thermopylae](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/marathon-and-thermopylae-mt_14F_x1Xwwp): Describe Marathon and Thermopylae during the Persian invasions. Distinguish the later legend of Pheidippides carrying victory news from an earlier account of his journey to Sparta. Recognize the Spartan and other Greek defenders at Thermopylae, and explain why some Greek city-states allied to defend their independence. - [Roman Army and Conquest of Britain](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/roman-army-and-conquest-of-britain-mt_MlD0gwLSw9): Describe how the Roman army was organised into legions of highly trained soldiers, how Julius Caesar first raided Britain in 55 BC and Emperor Claudius later conquered it in AD 43, and explain why the Romans wanted to expand their empire — for land, resources, taxes, and glory - [Different accounts of the same event](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/different-accounts-of-the-same-event-mt_2GDBmKCJxs): Know that people can give different accounts of the same past event because they saw, felt or remembered different things. Differences alone do not prove that someone is lying. - [Evidence from the past](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/evidence-from-the-past-mt_9REmUc8r4D): Know that we learn about the past from things left behind like old objects, pictures and stories. - [Vocabulary: historical thinking](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/vocabulary-historical-thinking-mt_VXcua6-txq): Know and use the vocabulary of historical thinking: source, evidence, primary source, secondary source, artefact, chronology, chronological order, BC/BCE, AD/CE, century, decade, era, period, timeline, excavation, archaeologist, interpretation, corroborate, bias, perspective. Apply these terms when discussing how we know about the past and how reliable our knowledge is. - [Kings & Queens](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/kings-and-queens-mt_2DBPJ38iWl): What medieval kings and queens did: ruling the land, making laws, collecting taxes; the crown and throne as symbols of power; the Tower of London - [Knights & Armour](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/knights-and-armour-mt_M_xcaRcvSo): What knights were: trained warriors who served a lord; armour, shields, swords, and lances; the code of chivalry as rules for how knights should behave - [Medieval Clothing](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/medieval-clothing-mt_R1xLS1c2Pg): What people wore in medieval times: peasant clothes (wool, linen) vs noble clothes (silk, fur, bright colours); no zippers or buttons; how clothes showed your place in society - [Medieval Food & Feasts](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/medieval-food-and-feasts-mt_2NKzPeLzIm): What people ate in medieval times: bread and pottage for ordinary people, grand feasts for the rich; no forks, eating with hands; the great hall as the centre of castle life - ...and 19 more at https://lightmysky.com/learn/history ## Learning to Learn - [Feeling of not understanding](https://lightmysky.com/learn/learning-to-learn/feeling-of-not-understanding-mt_klyw-tdlhP): Notice the feeling of not understanding — recognise when something is confusing rather than reading or listening past it - [Planning a task](https://lightmysky.com/learn/learning-to-learn/planning-a-task-mt_QR3vxbN1o4): Make a simple plan before starting a task: what do I need to do, and what should I do first? - [Thinking Before Starting](https://lightmysky.com/learn/learning-to-learn/thinking-before-starting-mt_LE7nFEwS12): Before a new topic, pause to recall something related. Say when you are unsure about what you remember. - [Connecting New & Old Ideas](https://lightmysky.com/learn/learning-to-learn/connecting-new-and-old-ideas-mt_32B7xjUPwF): Compare a new idea with something familiar. Name what matches and check what is different. - [Spotting Patterns](https://lightmysky.com/learn/learning-to-learn/spotting-patterns-mt_wvcFlwOrDl): Spot patterns and recurring structures — in numbers, words, nature, sounds, or events — and use them to make sense of new information - [Teaching It Back](https://lightmysky.com/learn/learning-to-learn/teaching-it-back-mt_6eTZUwKQZr): After learning something new, explain it in your own words — to yourself, a family member, or even a toy - [Trying a new approach](https://lightmysky.com/learn/learning-to-learn/trying-a-new-approach-mt_95zxYqpP7m): When a way is not helping, choose another way that fits the task and check what changes. - [Big Questions and Supporting Questions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/learning-to-learn/big-questions-and-supporting-questions-mt_JUHStYGUel): Know what makes a question big and worth investigating — no single quick answer, more than one possible view — and break it into smaller supporting questions whose answers build up towards answering the big one ## Life Skills - [Buyers & Sellers](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/buyers-and-sellers-mt_SbEaQnMQoD): When someone makes or has something, they can sell it; when someone wants something, they can buy it; introduction to the concept of exchange and transactions - [Goods & Services](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/goods-and-services-mt_RgQxPddV8v): Some people make things (goods) and some people do things for others (services); recognising both in everyday life and understanding that both have value - [Making Something to Sell](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/making-something-to-sell-mt_CrGnpVjnk8): The experience of creating a product to sell — a craft, a drawing, baked goods; what makes something worth buying; pride in making something others want - [Who Is a Customer?](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/who-is-a-customer-mt_vpMDMbx4pc): Understanding that a customer is someone who buys what you make or do; thinking about what customers want and need; the idea that businesses serve people - [Being a Good Seller](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/being-a-good-seller-mt_cq711F7ruL): Customer service, fairness, and honesty in business; keeping promises to customers; why being trustworthy matters for repeat business and reputation - [Costs & Revenue](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/costs-and-revenue-mt_9gpUHWVKMR): It costs money to make things (costs/expenses); you earn money by selling them (revenue); if revenue is more than costs, that's profit; if costs are more, that's a loss - [Having a Business Idea](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/having-a-business-idea-mt_RTwmvr9R7V): Where business ideas come from; spotting everyday problems and thinking of solutions; the difference between inventing something new and improving something that exists - [Learning from Failure](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/learning-from-failure-mt_dknMcCqvoY): Not every business idea works; entrepreneurs try, fail, learn, and try again; iteration and resilience as core entrepreneurial skills; famous failure-to-success stories - [Making a Simple Plan](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/making-a-simple-plan-mt_phpn6KhCAv): Before starting a business, making a simple plan: what will I make or do, who will buy it, what do I need, how much will it cost, and what price will I charge? - [Marketing Basics](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/marketing-basics-mt_M2Gou3O6qT): How people find out about what you're selling; signs, posters, social media, word of mouth; being persuasive; the basics of advertising and promotion - [Teamwork in Business](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/teamwork-in-business-mt_pOstrrS763): Most businesses need more than one person; working together, dividing tasks, and using different people's strengths; the value of teamwork in business - [Buying Things](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/buying-things-mt_RNRymbz5SO): How buying and selling works: prices, paying for items, receiving change; the basic transaction process in shops and markets - [Coins & Notes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/coins-and-notes-mt_FIkqA0qhnj): Recognising common coins and notes, knowing their values, and understanding that different combinations can make the same amount - [Jobs People Do](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/jobs-people-do-mt_asRwlPZXC3): Different kinds of work people do; that people earn money by working; how jobs help the community; linking personal interests to possible jobs - [Looking After Money](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/looking-after-money-mt_FNSeo9_T2Z): Keeping money safe; not losing coins or notes; understanding that money has real value and should be treated carefully; basic money responsibility - [Needs & Wants](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/needs-and-wants-mt__ab4knIaSL): The difference between things we need (food, shelter, clothing) and things we want (toys, treats); that we sometimes have to choose because money is limited - [Saving Money](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/saving-money-mt_zrCyqhngYm): Why people save money; piggy banks and saving jars; setting a savings goal; the idea that not spending now means having more later - [What Money Is](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/what-money-is-mt_SsS7GptD_o): What money is and why we use it; that money is exchanged for goods and services; brief history from barter to coins to digital payments - [Advertising & Spending](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/advertising-and-spending-mt_My0OL6fhGL): How advertising tries to influence what we buy; being a critical consumer; understanding 'value for money'; the difference between emotional and rational spending - [Banks & Saving](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/banks-and-saving-mt_uSUqTjOl8m): What banks do and why people use them; bank accounts as safe places for money; that savings in a bank can earn interest; children's savings accounts - [Budgeting Pocket Money](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/budgeting-pocket-money-mt_Qzbh-_v0Gq): What a budget is; planning how to spend a fixed amount of pocket money or allowance; making trade-offs between different things you want to buy - [Earning Money](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/earning-money-mt_uP9faJlnRq): Ways that children and adults earn money; the connection between work, skills and pay; that harder or more skilled work often pays more - [Fair Trade & Ethics](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/fair-trade-and-ethics-mt_HPf-dVtA3p): Where products come from and who makes them; that people around the world produce what we buy; fair pay for workers; making ethical choices as consumers - [Making Change](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/making-change-mt_aWOK1npO5s): Calculating change from a purchase; working confidently with pounds and pence together; solving practical money problems involving addition and subtraction - [Ways to Pay](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/ways-to-pay-mt_K8_RYIvrTV): Different ways to pay: cash, debit cards, contactless, online payments, mobile payments; that digital payments still use real money; keeping payment details safe ## Mathematics - [Early Word Problems](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/early-word-problems-mt_VAWV_l7J0D): Solve one-step word problems involving addition and subtraction to 20, including missing-number problems - [Adding and subtracting tens mentally](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/adding-and-subtracting-tens-mentally-mt_I5j1ZWo2cn): Add and subtract a two-digit number and tens mentally and using concrete/pictorial representations - [Adding Three Small Numbers](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/adding-three-small-numbers-mt_Zx1xZM-RbX): Add three one-digit numbers using strategies including looking for pairs that make 10 - [Adding and subtracting two two-digit numbers](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/adding-and-subtracting-two-two-digit-numbers-mt_UQnAFPs83F): Add and subtract two two-digit numbers using concrete objects, pictorial representations, and mental methods - [Adding within 100](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/adding-within-100-mt_glPPG-kTQY): Add within 100 using strategies based on place value, including adding a two-digit and one-digit number, and a two-digit and a multiple of 10 - [Addition and subtraction strategies](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/addition-and-subtraction-strategies-mt_PpWSHA-0kv): Use counting on and counting back as strategies for addition and subtraction - [Addition and subtraction within 20](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/addition-and-subtraction-within-20-mt_m1W6nTQJ2b): Add and subtract within 20 using strategies such as making ten, decomposing a number leading to ten, and using known facts - [Addition in any order](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/addition-in-any-order-mt_QCgbiVrwnp): Understand and apply the commutative property of addition: addends can be added in any order - [Finding a missing number in addition](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/finding-a-missing-number-in-addition-mt_ezc2m_0dzN): Understand subtraction as finding an unknown addend (e.g. 10 − 8 = ? is the same as 8 + ? = 10) - [Fluent adding and subtracting within 10](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-10-mt__we2TDqnJx): Fluently add and subtract within 10 - [Fluent addition and subtraction](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/fluent-addition-and-subtraction-mt_3e_PQxwC12): Recall and use addition and subtraction facts to 20 fluently, and derive and use related facts up to 100 - [Grouping numbers to add](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/grouping-numbers-to-add-mt_T76hKqXf0z): Understand and apply the associative property of addition: when adding three numbers, any two can be added first - [Inverse: addition undoes subtraction](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/inverse-addition-undoes-subtraction-mt_ehGS_uVSJv): Recognise and use the inverse relationship between addition and subtraction to check calculations and solve missing-number problems - [Mental addition and subtraction (age 6+)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/mental-addition-and-subtraction-age-6-mt_AKAtWEwpcj): Add and subtract a two-digit number and ones mentally and using concrete/pictorial representations - [Mental and written addition and subtraction](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/mental-and-written-addition-and-subtraction-mt_wzAZ8qFDc4): Solve addition and subtraction problems using mental and written methods, including problems involving numbers, quantities, and measures - [Subtracting multiples of 10](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/subtracting-multiples-of-10-mt_HJTuIGHvcR): Subtract multiples of 10 (10–90) from multiples of 10 using place value strategies - [Unknown in Addition & Subtraction](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/unknown-in-addition-and-subtraction-mt_3JgrHY221M): Determine the unknown whole number in an addition or subtraction equation relating three whole numbers - [What the equals sign means](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/what-the-equals-sign-means-mt_oIzycTBeE4): Understand the meaning of the equal sign as 'is the same as' and determine if equations are true or false - [Adding and subtracting (age 7+)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/adding-and-subtracting-age-7-mt_SrrsLiJkr3): Add and subtract numbers with up to three digits using formal written methods of columnar addition and subtraction - [Adding several two-digit numbers](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/adding-several-two-digit-numbers-mt_TiQbi027PE): Add up to four two-digit numbers using strategies based on place value and properties of operations - [Addition and subtraction strategies (age 7+)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/addition-and-subtraction-strategies-age-7-mt_zxST3MarI9): Explain why addition and subtraction strategies work, using place value and the properties of operations - [Addition and subtraction within 1000](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/addition-and-subtraction-within-1000-mt_ewmuMMPAzP): Add and subtract within 1000 using concrete models, drawings, and strategies based on place value; understand composing and decomposing tens and hundreds - [Estimating by rounding](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/estimating-by-rounding-mt_QaYfeVL-0C): Estimate the answer to a calculation and use inverse operations to check answers; apply to increasingly large numbers using rounding and inverse reasoning - [Fluent adding and subtracting within 100](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-100-mt_cChv2j_-Da): Fluently add and subtract within 100 using strategies based on place value, properties of operations, and the relationship between addition and subtraction - [Fluent adding and subtracting within 20](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-20-mt__t4afSyZRm): Fluently add and subtract within 20 using mental strategies and recall single-digit addition facts. - [Mentally adding and subtracting ones with 3-digit numbers](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/mentally-adding-and-subtracting-ones-with-3-digit-numbers-mt_oDU_8zMZjp): Mentally add and subtract a three-digit number and ones - [Mentally adding hundreds to 3-digit numbers](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/mentally-adding-hundreds-to-3-digit-numbers-mt_xPqczp7zPX): Mentally add and subtract a three-digit number and hundreds - [Mentally adding tens to 3-digit numbers](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/mentally-adding-tens-to-3-digit-numbers-mt_aHQ9kNt3is): Mentally add and subtract a three-digit number and tens - [Missing number problems (age 7+)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/missing-number-problems-age-7-mt_XuHmIn2xje): Solve addition and subtraction problems including missing-number problems, using number facts, place value, and more complex methods - [Numbers on a number line](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/numbers-on-a-number-line-mt_19j_5AuuQI): Represent whole numbers as lengths on a number line and represent sums and differences within 100 on a number line diagram - [Two-Step Word Problems](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/two-step-word-problems-mt_yTWxkzzoOZ): Solve one- and two-step word problems within 100 using addition and subtraction, with unknowns in all positions - [Counting in 2s, 5s and 10s](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/counting-in-2s-5s-and-10s-mt_nvdpxAJTBG): Count in multiples of 2, 5, and 10 (skip counting) - [Counting forwards and backwards](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/counting-forwards-and-backwards-mt_aHAM29nidj): Count forwards and backwards in steps of 3 from 0 - [Counting forwards and backwards (age 6+)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/counting-forwards-and-backwards-age-6-mt_OkSJfrmFb_): Count forwards and backwards in tens from any number (not just multiples of 10) - [Counting Within 1,000](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/counting-within-1-000-mt_M2v1A9OEuM): Count within 1000, including skip-counting by 5s, 10s, and 100s - [Skip Counting (4s, 8s, 50s, 100s)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/skip-counting-4s-8s-50s-100s-mt_IzQvs7k_sE): Count from 0 in multiples of 4, 8, 50, and 100 - [Pictograms and tally charts](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/pictograms-and-tally-charts-mt_c29FaCTNsx): Interpret and construct simple pictograms, tally charts, block diagrams, and simple tables - [Data collection and display vocabulary](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/data-collection-and-display-vocabulary-mt_u5HkSxZECM): Read, write, and use the vocabulary of data collection and display — data, tally, tally chart, frequency, frequency table, survey, pictogram, bar chart, axis/axes, scale, label, category, discrete data, continuous data, line graph, pie chart — and apply these terms when collecting, organising, and presenting data - [Sorting data into categories](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/sorting-data-into-categories-mt_ylXdiVRAYv): Organise and represent data with up to three categories by counting objects in each category and sorting categories by quantity - [Interpreting categorical data](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/interpreting-categorical-data-mt_1VSfm9yiLn): Interpret categorical data by asking and answering questions about totals, how many in each category, and how many more or less one category has than another - ...and 96 more at https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics ## Personal & Social Development - [Expressing Feelings with Words](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/expressing-feelings-with-words-mt_kvrvpQris4): Express their own feelings appropriately using words rather than actions — saying 'I feel angry because...' instead of hitting, shouting, or withdrawing - [Feelings Change and Differ](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/feelings-change-and-differ-mt_ggcamLzXAy): Understand that everyone has feelings, that feelings change throughout the day, and that the same event can make different people feel different things - [Naming basic emotions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/naming-basic-emotions-mt_LhkP_KKIRS): Name common feelings, including happy, sad, angry, scared, excited and surprised. Use facial expressions, body movements and what happened as clues, while recognising that asking the person helps us understand their feeling. - [Triggers and Causes of Feelings](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/triggers-and-causes-of-feelings-mt_9Y5-GjF2B0): Understand that feelings have causes — something happens (a trigger) and that makes us feel a certain way — and begin to identify what triggers their own emotions - [Emotion Vocabulary](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/emotion-vocabulary-mt_MOY_2Cqalz): Use a wider vocabulary of emotion words beyond the basics — including frustrated, worried, anxious, embarrassed, jealous, proud, disappointed, grateful, and lonely — and distinguish between similar emotions - [Hidden and Masked Feelings](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/hidden-and-masked-feelings-mt_E5ju6kQSu3): Recognise that people sometimes hide or mask their true feelings — smiling when they're actually sad, or saying 'I'm fine' when they're not — and understand why someone might do this - [How emotions feel in your body](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/how-emotions-feel-in-your-body-mt_Ytd8XC3eQr): Recognise that feelings can come with body changes, such as a fluttery tummy, tight fists, a fast heartbeat or tense shoulders. Use the situation and their own experience to suggest possible feelings, without treating one body clue as proof. - [Mild to Strong Emotions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/mild-to-strong-emotions-mt_rymBfJmvFl): Understand that emotions come in different intensities — from mild to strong — and that the same emotion can feel very different depending on how intense it is (e.g., annoyed → angry → furious, or nervous → anxious → panicked) - [Everyday Kindness and Care](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/everyday-kindness-and-care-mt_lAvS72LOUO): Show kindness and care towards others in simple everyday ways — comforting a friend who is upset, helping someone who has dropped their things, sharing without being asked, and saying kind words - [Other People's Feelings and Thoughts](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/other-peoples-feelings-and-thoughts-mt_wzUzVEBqJb): Understand that other people have their own feelings and thoughts, and that these might be different from your own — a foundational awareness that not everyone sees or feels things the same way - [Similarities & Differences](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/similarities-and-differences-mt_OJVkWvIaM_): Notice and appreciate ways that people are similar to and different from each other — including appearance, family structures, languages spoken, foods eaten, and celebrations observed — and understand that differences make communities interesting - [Vocabulary: understanding others](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/vocabulary-understanding-others-mt_wRlf0g2MbB): Know and use the key vocabulary for understanding others — empathy, perspective, kind, fair, community, similar, different, and care — and understand that these words describe real habits of thinking and feeling - [Different Lives and Experiences](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/different-lives-and-experiences-mt_S7UTAhptLi): Understand that people's lives and experiences can be very different from their own — that some children face challenges like disability, poverty, family difficulties, or being new to a country — and develop compassion rather than judgement - [Fairness, Equality and Equity](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/fairness-equality-and-equity-mt_mDp-1vlL3R): Understand what fairness means and why it matters — recognising that fair doesn't always mean equal (everyone getting the same) but can mean equitable (everyone getting what they need), and applying this understanding in group situations - [Seeing Someone Else's Point of View](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/seeing-someone-elses-point-of-view-mt_9NQEiYLQA3): Practise perspective-taking by imagining how someone else might feel in a given situation — using prompts like 'How would you feel if that happened to you?' and applying this when reading stories or during real interactions - [Vocabulary: social awareness](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/vocabulary-social-awareness-mt_a6AYrbb7x4): Know and use the vocabulary of social awareness — including stereotype, prejudice, discrimination, equality, equity, bias, compassion, and fairness — and understand what distinguishes these closely related concepts - [Asking for Help](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/asking-for-help-mt_PdYlsA33jB): Ask for help when they need it — from a friend, teacher, or family member — and understand that asking for help is a sign of strength, not weakness - [Listening to Others](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/listening-to-others-mt_YbX3LD0Eca): Listen to others when they are speaking — looking at the speaker, waiting until they finish, and showing they have heard by responding to what was said rather than just talking about their own ideas - [Makes someone a good friend](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/makes-someone-a-good-friend-mt_HBcvu0UxYe): Understand what makes someone a good friend — being kind, honest, reliable, and including others — and recognise behaviours that are not friendly, such as being bossy, leaving people out, or saying mean things - [Taking turns and sharing](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/taking-turns-and-sharing-mt_FwI7q7DSIx): Take turns and share materials during games and shared play. Follow an agreed turn order so each player has a chance to join in, and ask for help when waiting or sharing feels difficult. - [Vocabulary: working with others](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/vocabulary-working-with-others-mt_NS5t-Jzlh8): Know and use the vocabulary of working with others — cooperate, share, take turns, team, listen, agree, disagree respectfully, and include — and understand that these words describe habits that friendships and group work depend on - [Communication Vocabulary](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/communication-vocabulary-mt_Ag9NSWJu-X): Know and use the vocabulary of healthy communication and conflict — assertive, passive, aggressive, compromise, conflict, resolution, mediate, bystander, upstander, and peer pressure — and understand the difference between these contrasting approaches - [Friendships change over time](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/friendships-change-over-time-mt_X7Tu94-a2m): Understand that friendships change over time — that it's normal for friends to drift apart or for new friendships to form — and develop strategies for making new friends and handling friendship changes without feeling like something is wrong with them - [Resolving Disagreements with Friends](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/resolving-disagreements-with-friends-mt_iWGnyUyN2j): Resolve simple disagreements with peers by talking it through — explaining how they feel, listening to the other person's side, and finding a compromise or solution that both can accept - [Roles in a Group](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/roles-in-a-group-mt_w4nSIDhIgC): Understand different roles people play in groups — leader, supporter, mediator, idea-generator — and recognise that effective groups need a mix of roles, not everyone trying to be the leader - [Working well in a group](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/working-well-in-a-group-mt_QxsoqVUt6u): Work with a small group toward a shared goal. Contribute ideas, listen and respond to others, agree on manageable jobs and finish times, and ask for help when needed. - [Actions and Their Consequences](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/actions-and-their-consequences-mt_UHQfb-n-w3): Understand that actions have consequences — that what you choose to do affects both yourself and other people — and begin to think about what might happen before they act - [Everyday Safety Awareness](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/everyday-safety-awareness-mt_q3vRl4dddK): Keep themselves safe in everyday situations — knowing basic safety rules about roads, strangers, water, and the internet — and understanding who their trusted adults are and when to tell them something - [Right and Wrong Choices](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/right-and-wrong-choices-mt_Wc6cOTQ1bA): Know the difference between right and wrong in familiar everyday situations. Understand basic rules about honesty, not hurting others, respecting others' property and being fair. Choose to do the right thing even when it's harder. - [Rules and agreements exist](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/rules-and-agreements-exist-mt_rkrG2w7WXI): Understand why rules and agreements exist — that they help keep people safe, make things fair, and help groups work well together — and follow agreed rules willingly rather than only when being watched - [Vocabulary: making decisions and keeping safe](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/vocabulary-making-decisions-and-keeping-safe-mt_uTKgmWqSoI): Know and use words for making decisions and keeping safe such as choice, consequence, rule, safe, fair, honest, responsible, trusted adult and right and wrong, and know that naming ideas clearly helps make better choices - [Basic digital citizenship](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/basic-digital-citizenship-mt_zIzJGkaj0Q): Understand basic digital citizenship — being kind online, protecting personal information, recognising that people behind screens are real people with real feelings, and knowing what to do if something online makes them uncomfortable - [Bystanders and Upstanders](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/bystanders-and-upstanders-mt_yCmYV9ruQu): Understand the bystander role — that when someone witnesses unkind or unfair behaviour, they have a choice: they can be a passive bystander (doing nothing), join in, or be an upstander (speaking up or getting help) — and develop the confidence to be an upstander - [Stop, Think, Then Choose](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/stop-think-then-choose-mt_RhntJz7p_6): Use a simple decision-making process when faced with a choice — stopping to think, identifying the options, considering the consequences of each option, and then choosing — rather than acting impulsively - [Understanding Bullying](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/understanding-bullying-mt_I9iSzpGRn5): Understand bullying as hurtful behaviour involving unequal power that happens repeatedly or is likely to happen again. Recognise physical, verbal, social and online bullying, and know how to seek help safely when experiencing or witnessing it. - [Vocabulary: ethics and citizenship](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/vocabulary-ethics-and-citizenship-mt_h-z88yf9Pn): Know and use the vocabulary of ethics and citizenship — bullying, cyberbullying, bystander, upstander, peer pressure, digital citizenship, rights, responsibility, and ethical — and understand the distinctions between these closely related terms - [Vocabulary: self](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/vocabulary-self-mt_H4YZ1rSKP3): Know and use the vocabulary of self-reflection: self-awareness, reflect, pattern, trigger, assumption, impact, perspective, and notice, and understand that having precise words for these inner experiences makes them easier to understand and talk about - [Feelings Versus Actions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/feelings-versus-actions-mt_TU3BcLOgiV): Understand that feelings and actions are separate — you can feel something strongly without having to act on it straight away - [Patterns in Your Own Reactions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/patterns-in-your-own-reactions-mt_H8dEMH_wik): Notice patterns in your own reactions — 'I tend to respond like this when I'm tired, left out, or put on the spot' - [Coping with Life Changes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/coping-with-life-changes-mt_aS-Gdh-MHx): Understand that change is a normal part of life — such as starting school, getting a new teacher, a new baby arriving, or moving house — and identify simple strategies that help them cope with changes - ...and 12 more at https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development ## Science - [Animal Camouflage](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/animal-camouflage-mt_pwo81ls_J-): Know that camouflage uses colours, patterns or shapes to help animals blend into their surroundings. It can help them avoid predators or approach prey. Examples include leaf insects, striped tigers and Arctic hares with white fur in snow. - [Animal Homes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/animal-homes-mt_oLHXfLujmh): Know that animals make or find many different kinds of homes — birds build nests, rabbits dig burrows, bees live in hives, hermit crabs use empty shells, spiders spin webs — and that these shelters protect them and their young - [Animal Record-Holders](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/animal-record-holders-mt_goZW_hQUa4): Know some of the world's animal record-holders — the blue whale is the largest animal ever, the cheetah is the fastest land animal, the bee hummingbird is the smallest bird, the giraffe is the tallest — and compare their sizes to familiar objects - [Animals Everywhere](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/animals-everywhere-mt_v3Vz_Pgjjv): Know that animals live in different places around the world, including on land and in water. Some animals can fly. Every continent, even icy Antarctica, has animals suited to the conditions where they live. - [How Animals Have Babies](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/how-animals-have-babies-mt_-vsLvsxp0L): Know that different animals have their babies in different ways — some lay eggs (birds, reptiles, fish, insects), some give birth to live young (most mammals) — and that babies may look like miniature adults or look very different from their parents - [Nocturnal Animals](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/nocturnal-animals-mt_V_wIdRZLsG): Know that some animals are nocturnal — active at night and sleeping during the day — and that nocturnal animals often have special features like big eyes (owls, tarsiers), large ears (bats, fennec foxes), or sensitive whiskers to help them find food in the dark - [Wild, Farm & Pet Animals](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/wild-farm-and-pet-animals-mt_muxjw0fxxN): Understand the difference between wild animals, farm animals, and pets — wild animals find their own food and shelter in nature; farm animals are kept by people for food, wool, or eggs; pets are animals people keep for companionship — and know that wild animals should be observed from a distance - [Animal Communication](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/animal-communication-mt_wHN14Unk7h): Understand that animals communicate in many different ways — birds sing to attract mates and defend territory, whales call across vast ocean distances, bees dance to show other bees where food is, wolves howl to keep the pack together, and fireflies flash light signals — and that communication is essential for survival - [Animal Migration](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/animal-migration-mt_bK84sPehyP): Know that many animals make incredible journeys called migrations — Arctic terns fly from pole to pole, monarch butterflies travel thousands of miles across North America, wildebeest cross the Serengeti following rain, and humpback whales swim between polar feeding grounds and tropical breeding waters — and that these journeys are linked to food, breeding, and seasons - [Desert Animals](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/desert-animals-mt_0zqOTjjW2k): Explore animals of the desert — camels, fennec foxes, scorpions, rattlesnakes, meerkats — and understand how desert animals survive extreme heat and lack of water through being active at night, storing water or fat, burrowing underground during the day, and having large ears to lose heat - [Polar Animals](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/polar-animals-mt_D4lyx0iYyB): Explore animals of the Arctic and Antarctic — polar bears, Arctic foxes, and walruses in the north; penguins, seals, and albatrosses in the south — and understand how polar animals survive extreme cold through thick fur or blubber, huddling behaviour, and seasonal changes like white winter coats - [Predator Hunting and Prey Defence Strategies](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/predator-hunting-and-prey-defence-strategies-mt_Bztatrv-_v): Understand that predators have evolved hunting strategies — wolves hunt in packs, chameleons use their long tongues, spiders build webs, crocodiles ambush at water's edge — and prey animals have evolved defences — porcupine spines, skunk spray, poison dart frog toxins, zebra stripes confusing predators, playing dead - [Rainforest Animals](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/rainforest-animals-mt_DCelLx_H1A): Explore animals of the tropical rainforest — the most species-rich habitat on Earth — learning that the forest has layers (canopy, understory, forest floor) with different animals at each level: toucans and monkeys in the canopy, jaguars and frogs on the floor, and that rainforests are found near the equator - [Savanna & Grassland Animals](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/savanna-and-grassland-animals-mt_YynJoQcm_M): Explore animals of the grasslands and savanna — lions, zebras, wildebeest, elephants, cheetahs in African savanna; bison and prairie dogs in American grasslands — understanding why large herds form on open grasslands and how predators and prey interact in these wide-open spaces - [The World of Minibeasts](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/the-world-of-minibeasts-mt_R7LEuZjTmx): Know that insects and other minibeasts (spiders, worms, snails, centipedes) are the most numerous and diverse group of animals on Earth — there are more species of beetle than any other animal — and that they play vital roles as pollinators (bees, butterflies), decomposers (woodlice, worms), and food for other animals - [Dinosaur Sizes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/dinosaur-sizes-mt_u0TeRwRII_): Compare dinosaur sizes to familiar things — some dinosaurs were as tall as a house, others were as small as a chicken — and understand that dinosaurs came in a huge range of sizes - [Dinosaurs Were Real](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/dinosaurs-were-real-mt_dpM1l5IOk6): Understand that dinosaurs are real animals. T. rex lived long ago and is extinct, while birds are dinosaurs alive today. - [Famous Dinosaur Species](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/famous-dinosaur-species-mt_BnabTHkNIp): Recognise and name common well-known dinosaur species: Tyrannosaurus rex, Triceratops, Stegosaurus, and Brachiosaurus/Diplodocus, describing a basic feature of each - [Fossils & Palaeontologists](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/fossils-and-palaeontologists-mt_bKlnc7dyVK): Understand that fossils are the remains of ancient living things preserved in rock, and that scientists called palaeontologists study fossils to learn about dinosaurs - [Plant-Eaters vs Meat-Eaters](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/plant-eaters-vs-meat-eaters-mt_DJh2JPwTf6): Sort dinosaurs into plant-eaters (herbivores) and meat-eaters (carnivores) by looking at clues like tooth shape — flat teeth for plants, sharp teeth for meat - [Real Dinosaurs vs Fiction](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/real-dinosaurs-vs-fiction-mt_JednrdYqpt): Distinguish real dinosaurs from fictional or commonly confused creatures — pterosaurs (flying reptiles) and plesiosaurs (marine reptiles) were not dinosaurs, and movie dinosaurs are not always accurate - [Dinosaurs Around the World](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/dinosaurs-around-the-world-mt_oH1XC8aQYn): Understand that different dinosaurs lived on different continents and that fossil discoveries around the world show dinosaurs were a global phenomenon, with some species found only in certain regions - [Fossilised Dinosaur Dung](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/fossilised-dinosaur-dung-mt_1dXhJp6qLJ): Describe what coprolites are (fossilised dinosaur dung) and how palaeontologists analyse them to discover what dinosaurs ate, including plant fragments, bones, and seeds - [Fossils Reveal Ancient Environments](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/fossils-reveal-ancient-environments-mt_fKwgN61ttR): Understand that fossils tell us not only about ancient animals but also about ancient environments — for example, marine fossils found on a mountaintop show that area was once underwater - [Fossilisation: Why Sediment, Minerals and Luck All Matter](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/fossilisation-why-sediment-minerals-and-luck-all-matter-mt_iycQEai3dK): Explain in simple terms how fossils form: an organism dies and is quickly buried in sediment; over millions of years minerals replace the remains and the sediment turns to rock, preserving the shape - [Mary Anning, Fossil Hunter](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/mary-anning-fossil-hunter-mt_excSPNHJWZ): Know who Mary Anning was — a pioneering fossil hunter from Lyme Regis, England, who discovered ichthyosaur and plesiosaur skeletons in the early 1800s and contributed to our understanding of prehistoric life - [Reading Dinosaur Trackways](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/reading-dinosaur-trackways-mt_Wpvuz3mvBq): Use dinosaur trackways (fossilised footprints) to make inferences about a dinosaur's size, speed, and behaviour — widely spaced prints suggest running, closely spaced suggest walking - [The Mesozoic Era](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/the-mesozoic-era-mt_uQljqc0J5j): Place the three periods of the Mesozoic Era — Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous — in order and understand that different dinosaurs lived in different periods, not all at the same time - [Types of Fossils](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/types-of-fossils-mt_1VSFoM44JU): Distinguish body fossils (preserved bones, teeth, shells) from trace fossils (footprints, trackways, eggs, burrows, coprolites) and explain what each type can tell scientists - [Evaporation and condensation](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/evaporation-and-condensation-mt_zCGwH1OQZa): Use evaporation, condensation, precipitation, collection, transpiration, water vapour, runoff and groundwater to describe water changing form and moving along different paths in the water cycle - [How fossils form](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/how-fossils-form-mt_mwirOvigWD): Describe how remains or traces of ancient living things can be preserved as fossils, including in rock formed from layers of mud or sand - [Preventing Erosion](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/preventing-erosion-mt_m6UaSmrQVG): Compare multiple solutions designed to slow or prevent wind or water from changing the shape of the land - [Properties of rocks](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/properties-of-rocks-mt_R6YoRXkRxS): Compare and group different kinds of rocks based on their appearance and simple physical properties such as hardness, texture, and colour - [Rocks and soil](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/rocks-and-soil-mt_yhhprm7dZK): Recognise that soils are made from rocks and organic matter, and that different soils have different properties - [Shapes of land and water](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/shapes-of-land-and-water-mt_KsKLVW_ssY): Develop a model to represent the shapes and kinds of land (mountains, valleys, plains) and bodies of water (rivers, lakes, oceans) in an area - [Where water is found on Earth](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/where-water-is-found-on-earth-mt_nRF_VRntrW): Identify water in oceans, rivers, lakes, glaciers, underground and the air, and recognise liquid water, solid ice and gaseous water vapour - [Habitats & Basic Needs](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/habitats-and-basic-needs-mt_cM8YS6NXqi): Identify that most living things live in habitats to which they are suited and describe how habitats provide for basic needs and how organisms depend on each other - [Habitat Vocabulary](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/habitat-vocabulary-mt_Fw0bbM1e_g): Name and use vocabulary for where living things are found: habitat, environment, microhabitat, conditions, woodland, ocean, desert, rainforest, pond, and use terms to describe what animals need to survive: food, water, shelter, space, and suitable conditions - [Living, Dead & Never Alive](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/living-dead-and-never-alive-mt_Sa48W7KXB5): Explore and compare the differences between things that are living, dead, and things that have never been alive - [Local Plants & Animals](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/local-plants-and-animals-mt_ppENoD8vf1): Identify and name a variety of plants and animals in their habitats, including microhabitats such as under a log or in a pond - ...and 177 more at https://lightmysky.com/learn/science ## Geography - [First Maps and Globes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/first-maps-and-globes-mt_wwNUtlTw7m): Draw simple maps of familiar places (a bedroom, the route to school) and use maps, globes and photographs to describe places: finding land and water on a globe, spotting buildings and roads in a photo, saying what a place is like - [Places Near and Far](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/places-near-and-far-mt_zbCartJJ2j): Every place has its own character: weather, land, plants, buildings and how people live; some places are near (our street, our town) and some are far away, and far-off places can be very different from home - [Continents and Oceans](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/continents-and-oceans-mt_aNGHn8yqR8): Name and locate the world's seven continents and five oceans on a globe and world map; know which continent home is on, and begin placing familiar countries within their continents - [The United Kingdom](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/the-united-kingdom-mt_Da-EAL3BvB): The four countries of the United Kingdom and their capitals; the surrounding seas; counties, major cities and regions; key features such as hills, mountains, coasts and rivers, and how land use has changed over time - [Comparing Places](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/comparing-places-mt_SvEBb2xVzt): Compare the human and physical geography of one small area with a contrasting area far away (a UK area and one in another country or continent): what is similar, what differs, and how land, weather and daily life go together - [Types of Communities](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/types-of-communities-mt_AAUExZ1Swj): Communities come in different types: cities, towns, suburbs, villages and farms; each uses its environment to meet daily needs for food, water, shelter and work, and different kinds of jobs are found in each - [Moving People, Goods and Ideas](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/moving-people-goods-and-ideas-mt_MJ4amGf5DN): People, goods and ideas travel from place to place: why families move, how food and toys reach the shops by ship, lorry, train and plane, and how ideas spread through letters, books, calls and the internet ## Civics & Economics - [What Is Government?](https://lightmysky.com/learn/civics-and-economics/what-is-government-mt_5JieIg_5_L): What a government is and what it does: making rules for everyone, keeping people safe, and providing things families use every day, like schools, roads, parks, libraries and firefighters - [Community Helpers and Leaders](https://lightmysky.com/learn/civics-and-economics/community-helpers-and-leaders-mt_8akvgAO8Dr): Who holds authority in a community and why: mayors, judges, police officers, teachers and principals; how each role helps, how everyone plays a part, and how people work together to fix local problems - [Deciding Together](https://lightmysky.com/learn/civics-and-economics/deciding-together-mt_GduE5KnI1e): Make decisions as a group and act on them: listen to each person's idea, look for an option most people can accept, and vote when the group can't agree; then help carry out what was decided, even if you voted differently - [Where Things Come From](https://lightmysky.com/learn/civics-and-economics/where-things-come-from-mt_9v5-1k236E): Some things are made or grown nearby and others come from far away; bananas, toys and clothes travel by ship, truck and plane; places trade with each other because no place can make everything it needs ## Arts & Music - [Art Materials and Techniques](https://lightmysky.com/learn/arts-and-music/art-materials-and-techniques-mt_FQa-W9aXrg): Explore drawing, painting and simple sculpture to share ideas and experiences; try out colour, pattern, texture, line and shape with different materials (pencils, paint, clay, collage) and talk about the effects - [Great Artists and Designers](https://lightmysky.com/learn/arts-and-music/great-artists-and-designers-mt_RdVEVrWmGZ): Learn about the work of artists, architects, craft makers and designers past and present; describe similarities and differences between their styles and methods, and make links to your own artwork - [Listening to Music](https://lightmysky.com/learn/arts-and-music/listening-to-music-mt_sVUxOvaDOO): Listen with concentration to a wide range of music: pick out instruments and voices, describe how pieces change (faster, slower, louder, quieter) and recall sounds and short patterns from memory with growing accuracy - [Exploring and Making Sounds](https://lightmysky.com/learn/arts-and-music/exploring-and-making-sounds-mt_HkEHXVCzRe): Experiment with sounds from voices, objects and instruments: make them louder or quieter, higher or lower, faster or slower; choose and combine sounds to match a mood, a story or a picture - [Reading Musical Notation](https://lightmysky.com/learn/arts-and-music/reading-musical-notation-mt_YrnMXGEnk-): Read staff notation and other ways of writing music down: note names on the stave, note and rest lengths (crotchets, quavers, minims), and graphic scores; follow a written melody and match notation to what is heard - [Playing a Part: Voice, Face and Body](https://lightmysky.com/learn/arts-and-music/playing-a-part-voice-face-and-body-mt_uN2l8k1-Oi): An actor shows who a character is with three tools: how they say the words, what their face does, and how they hold and move their body. The same line can be made kind or cruel by voice alone. - [Dance: Telling a Story Without Words](https://lightmysky.com/learn/arts-and-music/dance-telling-a-story-without-words-mt_JCmUH5GmE9): Dance carries meaning through the body: how big a movement is, how fast, how high, and whether it repeats. A dance can tell a story or show a feeling with no words at all. ## Design & Technology - [Designing Products](https://lightmysky.com/learn/design-and-technology/designing-products-mt_fZo-OWjM-T): Design purposeful products for yourself and other users: say who a product is for and what it must do, gather ideas from looking and asking, set simple design criteria, and describe or draw a design that meets them - [Using Tools Safely](https://lightmysky.com/learn/design-and-technology/using-tools-safely-mt_8_IFOc79VA): Choose and use tools and equipment for cutting, shaping, joining and finishing (scissors, hole punches, saws, sandpaper, glue): match the tool to the material and the job, and explain the safety rules for each - [Strengthening Structures](https://lightmysky.com/learn/design-and-technology/strengthening-structures-mt_QnYDI3itJY): How structures stand up and how to make them stronger, stiffer and more stable: wide bases, triangles, tubes, folds and cross-bracing; why some shapes resist pushing and pulling, and how real bridges and towers use these tricks - [Where Food Comes From](https://lightmysky.com/learn/design-and-technology/where-food-comes-from-mt_HTJsTS1XzU): Where food comes from: which foods are grown, reared or caught (wheat, apples, milk, fish); how ingredients travel from farms and seas to shops; seasonality, and why some fruits and vegetables are only picked at certain times of year ## Languages - [Listening and speaking in a new language](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/listening-and-speaking-in-a-new-language-mt_iXtqoIfjHb): Listen attentively to a new language and join in: hold simple conversations, ask and answer questions, speak in sentences using familiar phrases, and build pronunciation and intonation through songs, rhymes and presenting aloud - [Reading and Vocabulary in a New Language](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/reading-and-vocabulary-in-a-new-language-mt_chlXo6jI0U): Read and understand words, phrases and short passages in a new language; enjoy its stories, songs and poems; and broaden vocabulary by working out new words from familiar material and checking them in a dictionary - [Many languages, one world](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/many-languages-one-world-mt_XETW8tM2MC): People use thousands of languages to share ideas. Different languages can use different words for a familiar thing. A word names the thing; it is not the thing itself. - [Hearing the sounds of another language](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/hearing-the-sounds-of-another-language-mt_BNrRACypmh): Listen for differences between sounds in a new language and practise hearing words in short phrases. Listening and speaking can support each other as the learner practises. - [Copying sounds, rhythm and tune](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/copying-sounds-rhythm-and-tune-mt_v7Vd-VlVdA): Say back what you hear: the sounds, the beat of the phrase, and the way the voice rises and falls. Songs, chants and rhymes carry all three at once. - [First Words: Greetings, Numbers and Colours](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/first-words-greetings-numbers-and-colours-mt_Ow32SJmrgN): Learn greetings, goodbye, please and thank you, numbers from one to ten, and names for colours or everyday things. Practise hearing, saying and remembering the words. The lesson uses Spanish examples and a French greeting. Extra readings offer French and German counting practice. - [Following Spoken Instructions in a New Language](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/following-spoken-instructions-in-a-new-language-mt_sP3xxDGINc): Act on what you hear before you can say it back. Simple commands and questions, understood from the few words you know plus gesture and situation.