---
title: "What a 9-year-old learns"
description: "744 topics are written for age 9, across 13 subjects."
canonical: https://lightmysky.com/learn/age/9
source: https://lightmysky.com/learn/age/9.md
retrieved: 2026-10-19
---

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# What a 9-year-old learns

744 topics are written for age 9, across 13 subjects.
Topics are placed by what they need, not by school year, so this is a starting point
rather than a syllabus.

Page: https://lightmysky.com/learn/age/9

## Computing

- [AI in Computer Games](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/ai-in-computer-games-mt_fT4G0QloX5): How computer opponents choose game actions using fixed rules, move search or learning from examples; difficulty adjustment and level generation; why changed behavior alone does not prove learning
- [AI Mistakes and Limitations](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/ai-mistakes-and-limitations-mt_bPFToj0OhZ): Machines make mistakes; they only know what they've been shown; bad training data leads to bad results; AI is not magic — just maths on data; showing edge cases and failures
- [Data and Information for Computers](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/data-and-information-for-computers-mt_kH1DzOPsXG): What data is: information that computers use, such as numbers, words, pictures, and sounds. Computers use data they receive and can make new results from that data.
- [Humans Versus Machines](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/humans-versus-machines-mt_oajUvqAiBJ): Compare people and computers on particular tasks, including calculation, storage, repetition, creativity and care. Introduce a simplified text-chat Turing Test and the limits of its conclusions.
- [Machine Learning Basics](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/machine-learning-basics-mt_K6qtan847r): A basic explanation of machine learning: a computer studies many examples, finds patterns and makes predictions about new things. Includes hands-on practice with Teachable Machine or a similar tool.
- [Patterns and Classification](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/patterns-and-classification-mt_ofOGCQ7FWj): Sorting items by a shared rule is classification. A computer can learn patterns from examples, and varied examples help us test whether its sorting works on new items.
- [Recommendation Systems and Filter Bubbles](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/recommendation-systems-and-filter-bubbles-mt_EedcpioR0v): Recommendation systems use data, such as viewing history, to suggest things a person might like. Suggestions can save search time or introduce something new. Narrow suggestions can contribute to a filter bubble that limits exposure to different topics or views.
- [AI and Fairness in Decisions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/ai-and-fairness-in-decisions-mt_cVp_nop-5L): Whether AI should make important decisions about people: jobs, loans, justice; who is responsible when AI makes unfair decisions; introduction to algorithmic fairness
- [AI and the Environment](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/ai-and-the-environment-mt_ZpCcTU8j_o): Electricity used to train and run AI; water used by some data-centre cooling systems; possible environmental uses such as forest monitoring and renewable-energy forecasting; comparing costs and actual benefits
- [AI and the Future of Work](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/ai-and-the-future-of-work-mt__AWSThGJ0d): How AI can change tasks within jobs, create work around AI systems and reduce demand for some work; why human judgment, creativity, empathy and problem-solving remain useful
- [AI Data Collection and Privacy](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/ai-data-collection-and-privacy-mt_HopZomN12L): Personal data that apps and AI services may collect; why companies use it; cookies and tracking; smart-speaker activation; checking permissions, storage and deletion controls with an adult
- [Bias in AI Systems](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/bias-in-ai-systems-mt__BbOjiY5A5): If training data is biased, AI will be biased; examples: facial recognition working better for some skin tones, translation assuming gender; where bias comes from and whether we can fix it
- [Deepfakes and AI-Generated Content](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/deepfakes-and-ai-generated-content-mt_tzMr83pS8v): AI-generated images, writing and deepfakes; why appearance and writing style cannot prove how content was made; checking original sources and evidence before believing or sharing
- [Designing Fair AI Rules](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/designing-fair-ai-rules-mt_1z-gJBJFlM): Design thinking applied to AI ethics: if you were designing an AI system, what rules would you give it? Who should it help? What should it not be allowed to do?
- [The Future of AI](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/the-future-of-ai-mt__LiAEHt9nk): What AI might do in 10 years; what we want it to do and what we're worried about; children as future designers and decision-makers about AI; hopeful, empowered framing
- [Programming with Loops and Variables](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/programming-with-loops-and-variables-mt_9x5zgShXPg): Design and debug programs that use repetition, selection and variables: repeat actions with loops, branch with if-blocks, keep score in a variable, and break a bigger problem into smaller parts that can be programmed one at a time
- [Creating Digital Content](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/creating-digital-content-mt_dfhHVURsn6): Use technology purposefully to create and manage digital work: write and edit documents, make pictures, slides and simple videos, save files where they can be found again, and choose or combine the right software for the job
- [Networks and the Internet](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/networks-and-the-internet-mt_JmrMg6v8V_): Connected computers can share information. The internet is a network of networks. Services such as the world wide web, email and video calls use it to pass data from machine to machine.
- [Searching and Evaluating Online](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/searching-and-evaluating-online-mt_S-XboPwA8k): Search the web effectively and judge what comes back: choose precise search words, understand that results are selected and ranked by a program rather than checked by a person, and weigh whether a page is trustworthy and relevant
- [Typing Without Looking at the Keys](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/typing-without-looking-at-the-keys-mt_BJ_yVASyuV): Finding keys by feel instead of by eye frees a writer's attention for what they are writing. It is built by short regular practice with settled fingering, not by chasing speed.
- [Where a File Lives: Folders, Names and Backups](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/where-a-file-lives-folders-names-and-backups-mt_UvLO9CA3BY): Files sit inside folders inside other folders, and the path is the address that says which one. A name that describes the work, a place that makes sense and a second copy elsewhere are what make work findable later.
- [Passwords, Logins and Keeping an Account Yours](https://lightmysky.com/learn/computing/passwords-logins-and-keeping-an-account-yours-mt_ohI6ct6tO4): An account is only as private as the way into it. Length beats cleverness in a password, one password reused spreads a single break across every account, and a second factor stops most of what is left.

## English

- [How Authors Create Effects](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/how-authors-create-effects-mt_QB4qIGJIIj): Recognise how an author's deliberate choices of words, structure, tone, and perspective create particular effects on you as a reader
- [Inference vs Explicit Meaning](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/inference-vs-explicit-meaning-mt_lp3qyEujIv): Distinguish between what a text explicitly says and what you have inferred, assumed, or read in — knowing which is which is fundamental to honest comprehension
- [Knowing What You Don't Know](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/knowing-what-you-dont-know-mt_LH714Riydn): Monitor your own vocabulary gaps — notice words you half-know, distinguish confident from uncertain knowledge, and develop strategies to resolve the uncertainty
- [Reviewing Own Writing](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/reviewing-own-writing-mt_U_8iVFZuHH): Evaluate whether your own writing achieves the effect you intended on a reader. Go beyond checking for correctness to ask whether it actually works.
- [Commas in lists](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/commas-in-lists-mt_ntqNLHsj5n): Use commas to separate items in a list within a sentence (e.g., 'I bought apples, bananas, and oranges')
- [Past, Present and Progressive Tense](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/past-present-and-progressive-tense-mt_enj1sMcfOT): Use verbs to convey past and present tense correctly and consistently, including the progressive form (e.g., she is drumming, he was shouting), understanding how tense indicates time
- [Subordinate clauses](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/subordinate-clauses-mt_wq-1OJ_8s5): Use subordination (when, if, that, because) and co-ordination (or, and, but) to join clauses and create compound and complex sentences
- [Grammar Terms: Clauses and Conjunctions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/grammar-terms-clauses-and-conjunctions-mt_B8JOz79O6t): Use and understand Year 3 grammatical terminology accurately when discussing reading and writing: preposition, conjunction, word family, prefix, clause, subordinate clause, direct speech, consonant letter, vowel letter, inverted commas/speech marks
- [Irregular Plurals and Collective Nouns](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/irregular-plurals-and-collective-nouns-mt_nFBLNoChD0): Form and use irregular plural nouns (e.g., children, teeth, mice, geese) in addition to regular plurals, recognising that some nouns have irregular plural forms that do not follow the -s/-es pattern
- [Pronouns for clarity](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/pronouns-for-clarity-mt_9yFAtUkoYr): Choose pronouns for clarity and cohesion, avoiding ambiguity and repetition; use reflexive pronouns correctly (e.g., myself, ourselves, himself)
- [Punctuating Direct Speech](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/punctuating-direct-speech-mt_-mw3JeIjhU): Punctuate direct speech using inverted commas (speech marks), understanding that direct speech records the exact words spoken and must be enclosed in punctuation marks
- [The Present Perfect Tense](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/the-present-perfect-tense-mt_7D-vlii8F-): Use the present perfect form of verbs in contrast to the simple past tense, understanding how the present perfect indicates an action completed at an unspecified time or with ongoing relevance (e.g., 'He has gone out' vs 'He went out')
- [Abstract nouns](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/abstract-nouns-mt_8bIXVKTdtK): Understand and use abstract nouns to name ideas, qualities, and states that cannot be perceived by the senses
- [Agreement in sentences](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/agreement-in-sentences-mt_2NfIKEYdbm): Ensure subject-verb agreement and pronoun-antecedent agreement within and across sentences
- [Comparatives & Superlatives](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/comparatives-and-superlatives-mt_X1L9DoUwjF): Form and use comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs, choosing correctly between them
- [Expanded noun phrases (age 8+)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/expanded-noun-phrases-age-8-mt_EbiGRVK8uR): Expand noun phrases with modifying adjectives, nouns, and preposition phrases to add detail
- [Fronted Adverbials and Commas](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/fronted-adverbials-and-commas-mt_0QJoKWABdC): Use fronted adverbials to vary sentence openings and punctuate them with commas
- [Grammar Terms: Pronouns and Determiners](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/grammar-terms-pronouns-and-determiners-mt_J5cx6S_eT9): Know and use Year 4 grammar terminology including determiner, pronoun, possessive pronoun, and adverbial
- [Plural vs Possessive in Nouns](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/plural-vs-possessive-in-nouns-mt_bn5ggh84qD): Distinguish between the plural -s suffix and the possessive -'s suffix in nouns
- [Simple Past, Present and Future](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/simple-past-present-and-future-mt_Of-WsrRQ8B): Form and use the simple past, present, and future verb tenses consistently in writing
- [Standard English Verbs](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/standard-english-verbs-mt_ay0qkGj0jg): Use Standard English verb inflections in place of non-standard local forms
- [Adjective Order in Sentences](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/adjective-order-in-sentences-mt_VVx0hPPSKi): Order adjectives within sentences according to conventional English patterns (opinion-size-age-shape-colour-origin-material-purpose) to produce natural-sounding descriptions
- [Brackets and dashes for parenthesis](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/brackets-and-dashes-for-parenthesis-mt_m3-eXac3aP): Use brackets, dashes, and commas to indicate parenthesis — additional information inserted into a sentence that could be removed without changing the sentence's core meaning
- [Cohesion within paragraphs](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/cohesion-within-paragraphs-mt_4-vfMgmCVB): Use cohesive devices within a paragraph — including pronouns, adverbials (then, after that, firstly), and synonyms — to link sentences and build a coherent flow of ideas
- [Commas Before Joining Words](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/commas-before-joining-words-mt_j2idD_jq73): Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, so, yet) when joining two independent clauses in a compound sentence
- [Commas to avoid ambiguity](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/commas-to-avoid-ambiguity-mt_VMS3kDQ8sA): Use commas to clarify meaning and avoid ambiguity in sentences where the absence of a comma could cause misreading
- [Converting Words into Verbs](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/converting-words-into-verbs-mt_p3tZiUaWAa): Convert nouns and adjectives into verbs by adding suffixes -ate, -ise (-ize), and -ify, understanding how word class changes affect sentence construction
- [Prepositional Phrases](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/prepositional-phrases-mt_7SfQuXgNtd): Form and use prepositional phrases (preposition + noun phrase) to add detail about time, location, or direction within sentences, recognising how they function as adjective or adverb phrases
- [Fixing Fragments & Run-Ons](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/fixing-fragments-and-run-ons-mt_7oZ2YenzhX): Recognise and correct sentence fragments (incomplete sentences lacking a subject or predicate) and run-on sentences (two or more independent clauses joined without proper punctuation or conjunctions)
- [Grammar Terms: Modal Verbs and Clauses](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/grammar-terms-modal-verbs-and-clauses-mt_-tcJeAhK5k): Know and use Year 5 grammar terminology accurately when discussing reading and writing: modal verb, relative pronoun, relative clause, parenthesis, bracket, dash, cohesion, ambiguity
- [Linking paragraphs with adverbials](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/linking-paragraphs-with-adverbials-mt_uvILgZq9HN): Link ideas across paragraphs using adverbials of time (later, meanwhile, after a while), place (nearby, far away, beyond the wall), and number (secondly, finally, in addition) to guide the reader through a multi-paragraph text
- [Modal Verbs and Possibility](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/modal-verbs-and-possibility-mt_N9zffZxuu5): Understand and use modal verbs (can, may, must, might, shall, will, could, should, would) and modal adverbs (perhaps, surely, certainly) to indicate degrees of possibility, necessity, and permission
- [Progressive and Continuous Tenses](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/progressive-and-continuous-tenses-mt_mkDqmejLMw): Form and use the progressive (continuous) verb tenses — past progressive (was walking), present progressive (am walking), and future progressive (will be walking) — to convey ongoing actions at different times
- [Relative Clauses](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/relative-clauses-mt_YQ64pzcLDl): Form and use relative clauses beginning with relative pronouns (who, whose, whom, which, that) and relative adverbs (where, when, why) to add detail, qualify nouns, and create complex sentences
- [Verb Prefixes and Meaning](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/verb-prefixes-and-meaning-mt_qw6mhOl-Qy): Use verb prefixes (dis-, de-, mis-, over-, re-) to change verb meaning, understanding how each prefix modifies the action expressed by the root verb
- [Joining Letters](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/joining-letters-mt_02DH7sGXCi): Begin to join letters using diagonal and horizontal strokes, understanding which letter pairs are best left unjoined, forming letters of correct size relative to one another
- [Reading with Expression and Accuracy](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/reading-with-expression-and-accuracy-mt_V-ldQp56bF): Read aloud with accuracy, appropriate rate, and expression (prosody), re-reading familiar texts to build fluency and confidence, and using context to self-correct
- [Syllables (age 6+)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/syllables-age-6-mt_kVzAFMuFc4): Decode words of two or more syllables by breaking them into syllable chunks, applying knowledge that every syllable must contain a vowel sound, and blending the parts together
- [Decoding unfamiliar words](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/decoding-unfamiliar-words-mt_14OR-MhGJ9): Read Y3-4 exception words with unusual spelling-sound correspondences, applying growing knowledge of morphology and etymology to decode unfamiliar exception words
- [Prefixes and suffixes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/english/prefixes-and-suffixes-mt_HrgDjxcWvf): Read words containing common prefixes and suffixes from the Y3-4 programme, applying knowledge of root words, prefixes and suffixes (morphology and etymology) to read aloud and understand new words
- ...and 85 more at https://lightmysky.com/learn/english

## History

- [Vocabulary: ancient egypt](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/vocabulary-ancient-egypt-mt_szw1Ln490b): Know and use the key vocabulary of ancient Egypt — pharaoh, pyramid, tomb, mummy/mummification, hieroglyphs, papyrus, sarcophagus, canopic jar, natron, archaeologist, artefact, Nile, delta, irrigation, shaduf, scribe, vizier, obelisk, sphinx, cartouche — and apply these terms accurately when describing Egyptian society, religion, and material culture
- [Ancient Egypt on the Timeline](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/ancient-egypt-on-the-timeline-mt_pTz6u49fQt): Place ancient Egypt on a timeline spanning over 3,000 years — from around 3100 BCE (unification under the first pharaoh) to 30 BCE (Roman conquest) — understanding that this civilisation lasted longer than the time between the Romans and today, and was divided into major periods: the Old Kingdom (pyramid age), Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom (empire age)
- [Building the Pyramids](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/building-the-pyramids-mt_kgTN6yk4oE): Understand how the pyramids were built: thousands of workers moved enormous stone blocks using ramps, rollers, and sledges, the work was organised by the pharaoh's officials, and the design evolved from flat-topped mastabas to step pyramids (like Djoser's) to the smooth-sided Great Pyramid — and know that later pharaohs were buried in hidden rock-cut tombs in the Valley of the Kings
- [Egyptian Gods and Goddesses](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/egyptian-gods-and-goddesses-mt_B1ATUEVNPz): Name and describe Egyptian gods and some roles in ancient belief: Ra and the sun, Osiris and the afterlife, Isis and magic and motherhood, Anubis and mummification, Horus and the sky, Thoth and writing, and Bastet and home protection. Explain that gods could have several roles and forms, and could share them.
- [Egyptian Social Hierarchy](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/egyptian-social-hierarchy-mt_bEvMBUv4eG): Describe the social structure of ancient Egypt as a pyramid-shaped hierarchy: the pharaoh at the top, then priests and nobles, followed by scribes and soldiers, then craftworkers and merchants, and farmers and labourers at the base — understanding that a person's position was usually inherited and determined their whole way of life
- [Egyptian Tomb Paintings and Artefacts](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/egyptian-tomb-paintings-and-artefacts-mt_yNGrY9xJ8Y): Use tomb paintings, artefacts, and objects from ancient Egypt as evidence to find out about daily life: Nebamun's tomb paintings show hunting and feasting, jewellery and furniture reveal craftsmanship, and everyday objects like pots and tools tell us what ordinary people used — understanding that these sources are how we piece together information about a civilisation that ended thousands of years ago
- [Mummification Step by Step](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/mummification-step-by-step-mt_cJ8CeyRKKs): Describe the step-by-step process of mummification: the body was washed, internal organs were removed and placed in canopic jars, the body was dried with natron salt for 40 days, then wrapped in linen bandages with amulets tucked between the layers, and finally placed in a decorated coffin (sarcophagus)
- [Scribes and the Rosetta Stone](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/scribes-and-the-rosetta-stone-mt_V_kAitNbLN): Know that scribes were specially trained people who could read and write hieroglyphs, that the Rosetta Stone — a slab with the same text in three scripts — was the key to cracking the hieroglyphic code, and that Jean-François Champollion used it to decipher hieroglyphs in 1822 after centuries of mystery
- [Upper and Lower Egypt](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/upper-and-lower-egypt-mt_lSFwVU7V9g): Understand that ancient Egypt was divided into Upper Egypt (the narrow river valley in the south) and Lower Egypt (the wide delta in the north), that the two lands were united under one pharaoh, and that Egyptians managed the Nile's water through irrigation canals and shadufs to grow crops year-round
- [Ancient Egypt's Lasting Legacy](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/ancient-egypts-lasting-legacy-mt_JdAnBKIDnw): Evaluate ancient Egypt's lasting legacy: the Egyptians developed early forms of medicine, mathematics (used to build pyramids and survey land after floods), astronomy (calendar based on star observations), and engineering that influenced later civilisations including Greece and Rome — and compare ancient Egypt with other early civilisations (Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, Shang Dynasty) to identify shared features like writing, agriculture, cities, and organised religion
- [Cleopatra and the End of Egypt](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/cleopatra-and-the-end-of-egypt-mt_HZyUwycFvf): Know that ancient Egypt eventually came to an end: the last pharaoh was Cleopatra VII, who allied with Rome but was defeated by Octavian (later Augustus) in 31 BCE, after which Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire — ending over 3,000 years of pharaonic rule and beginning a new chapter in Egypt's history
- [Egyptian Art and Architecture](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/egyptian-art-and-architecture-mt__qlBYNP62H): Analyse Egyptian art and architecture: understand that Egyptian paintings followed strict conventions (people shown from the side with eyes from the front, size indicating importance), that tomb and temple design evolved from mastabas to step pyramids to smooth pyramids to rock-cut temples like Abu Simbel, and that obelisks, colossal statues, and temples like Karnak demonstrated the pharaoh's power and devotion to the gods
- [Egyptian Timelines and Maps](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/egyptian-timelines-and-maps-mt_C3eNLQJlgt): Read and construct Egyptian timelines using dated events and equal time intervals. Order the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms, calculate gaps within BC and across BC and AD, and compare selected Egyptian and Roman dates. Read an unscaled schematic map locating the Nile delta, Memphis, Thebes and the Valley of the Kings.
- [Egyptian Trade and Economy](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/egyptian-trade-and-economy-mt_5OxKnrGEMP): Understand that ancient Egypt had a thriving economy based on farming surplus, trade, and specialised labour: the Nile's fertile soil produced enough food to support craftworkers, priests, and officials, and Egypt traded along the Nile and across the Mediterranean — exchanging gold, papyrus, and grain for cedarwood from Lebanon, lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, and incense from Punt
- [Judgement of the Dead](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/judgement-of-the-dead-mt_8qQ2IosZZw): Describe a judgement belief shown in Egyptian Book of the Dead pictures. Anubis tended scales weighing a heart against Ma'at's feather, and Thoth recorded the result. Explain the passing balance, the threat of Ammit, the Field of Reeds, funerary spells, and the connection between preserving the body and beliefs about the ka and ba.
- [The Pharaoh as Living God](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/the-pharaoh-as-living-god-mt_PCX1jZZnf9): Understand that the pharaoh was not just a ruler but was believed to be a living god — the intermediary between the gods and the people — and that the concept of Ma'at (truth, justice, and cosmic order) guided Egyptian law and government, with viziers and officials administering the kingdom on the pharaoh's behalf
- [Athenian Democracy](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/athenian-democracy-mt_8ad4U6msea): Understand Athenian democracy as an early system in which free adult male citizens debated and voted on city decisions in the Assembly. Women, enslaved people, foreign residents and children could not vote. Birth in Athens did not by itself grant voting rights.
- [Athens Versus Sparta](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/athens-versus-sparta-mt_CSGqz245rV): Compare two Greek city-states. Athens was known for learning, arts, debate and democracy. Sparta placed great emphasis on military training and discipline. A city-state governed a city and nearby land. Education and political rights differed between groups of people.
- [Boudicca's Revolt Against Rome](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/boudiccas-revolt-against-rome-mt_e1Yr6rhRNW): Tell the story of Boudicca, queen of the Iceni tribe, who led a fierce revolt against Roman rule in Britain — burning Colchester, London, and St Albans — before her army was defeated, and understand her significance as a symbol of resistance against a powerful empire
- [Daily Life in a Roman Town](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/daily-life-in-a-roman-town-mt_6nqVnVdexe): Describe daily life in a Roman town — the forum (marketplace and meeting place), public baths, amphitheatre, and villas — and explain that the Romans were brilliant engineers who built straight roads, aqueducts to carry water, underfloor heating (hypocaust), and Hadrian's Wall to mark the empire's northern frontier in Britain
- [Gladiators & Pompeii](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/gladiators-and-pompeii-mt_VP9yZJ1xeP): Know that Romans watched gladiators fight in huge arenas like the Colosseum in Rome, that gladiators were usually enslaved people or prisoners trained to fight, and that the city of Pompeii was buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79, preserving an extraordinary snapshot of Roman daily life
- [Gods & the Parthenon](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/gods-and-the-parthenon-mt_W_CNRTBgYR): Name the major Greek gods and their roles — Zeus (king, thunder), Hera (queen, marriage), Athena (wisdom, warfare), Poseidon (sea), Apollo (sun, music), Artemis (hunting, moon), Ares (war), Aphrodite (love), Hermes (messengers), Hephaestus (fire, crafts), Hades (underworld) — and know that the Parthenon in Athens was a grand temple built to honour Athena
- [Greek Gods with Roman Names](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/greek-gods-with-roman-names-mt_FDKd7I79JZ): Understand that the Romans adopted the Greek gods but gave them new names — Zeus became Jupiter, Hera became Juno, Ares became Mars, Athena became Minerva, Poseidon became Neptune, Aphrodite became Venus — and that this shows how deeply Rome was influenced by Greek culture
- [Greek theatre](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/greek-theatre-mt_f4O__f3OU4): Know that the ancient Greeks invented theatre, performing tragedies and comedies in large open-air amphitheatres with actors wearing masks — and that plays were performed as part of religious festivals honouring the god Dionysus, with audiences of thousands
- [Marathon and Thermopylae](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/marathon-and-thermopylae-mt_14F_x1Xwwp): Describe Marathon and Thermopylae during the Persian invasions. Distinguish the later legend of Pheidippides carrying victory news from an earlier account of his journey to Sparta. Recognize the Spartan and other Greek defenders at Thermopylae, and explain why some Greek city-states allied to defend their independence.
- [Roman Army and Conquest of Britain](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/roman-army-and-conquest-of-britain-mt_MlD0gwLSw9): Describe how the Roman army was organised into legions of highly trained soldiers, how Julius Caesar first raided Britain in 55 BC and Emperor Claudius later conquered it in AD 43, and explain why the Romans wanted to expand their empire — for land, resources, taxes, and glory
- [Alexander the Great's Empire](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/alexander-the-greats-empire-mt_XMz_ohNjYO): Describe how Alexander the Great of Macedon conquered a vast empire stretching from Greece to Egypt to India, spreading Greek language, culture, and ideas across the ancient world — creating a period known as the Hellenistic Age where Greek and Eastern cultures blended
- [Evidence for Greek and Roman Life](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/evidence-for-greek-and-roman-life-mt_N1744276Zu): Understand that historians and archaeologists piece together ancient Greek and Roman life from evidence — pottery paintings, coins, inscriptions, ruins like Pompeii, and written texts by authors such as Homer and Pliny — and that the same evidence can be interpreted in different ways by different historians
- [Fall of the Western Roman Empire](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/fall-of-the-western-roman-empire-mt_H4bLNkDrGJ): Describe how the Western Roman Empire gradually declined due to a combination of factors — military pressure from invading peoples, political instability, economic problems, and an overstretched empire — and finally fell in AD 476, while the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire continued for nearly a thousand more years
- [Greek and Roman Architecture](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/greek-and-roman-architecture-mt_lzCcQzPJZi): Identify Greek column styles — Doric (plain and sturdy), Ionic (scroll-shaped capitals), and Corinthian (ornate leafy capitals) — and Roman architectural innovations — the arch, the dome, and concrete — and spot their influence in modern public buildings such as courthouses, museums, government buildings, and monuments
- [Greek and Roman Legacy Today](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/greek-and-roman-legacy-today-mt_Nj32xtOhno): Evaluate the lasting contributions of Greek and Roman civilisations to modern life — democracy, law, language (Latin roots), architecture (columns, arches, domes), sport (Olympics), philosophy, literature, and theatre — and understand that Greek ideas reached us through Rome, and then through later European civilisations, in a chain of cultural transmission
- [Greek Philosophers and Medicine](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/greek-philosophers-and-medicine-mt_cUMUYkDqZp): Know that Greek thinkers called philosophers developed ways of understanding the world that still influence us today — Socrates asked challenging questions to test ideas (the Socratic method), Plato imagined the ideal society, Aristotle observed and classified the natural world — and that Hippocrates is called the father of medicine for insisting on natural causes of illness rather than blaming the gods
- [Roman Law, Latin, and Christianity](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/roman-law-latin-and-christianity-mt_uzk7qs4KxE): Understand that Roman law became the basis for legal systems across Europe and beyond, that Latin is the root of French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian and gave English hundreds of words (e.g. exit, video, annual, education), and that Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire, eventually becoming its official religion under Emperor Constantine
- [Roman Republic and Empire](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/roman-republic-and-empire-mt_vFYFvgrPgD): Explain how Rome was first governed as a republic — with elected consuls, a powerful Senate, and a distinction between patricians and plebeians — before becoming an empire ruled by emperors like Augustus (who brought peace, the Pax Romana) and Nero, and compare republican government with Athenian direct democracy
- [Vocabulary: historical thinking](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/vocabulary-historical-thinking-mt_VXcua6-txq): Know and use the vocabulary of historical thinking: source, evidence, primary source, secondary source, artefact, chronology, chronological order, BC/BCE, AD/CE, century, decade, era, period, timeline, excavation, archaeologist, interpretation, corroborate, bias, perspective. Apply these terms when discussing how we know about the past and how reliable our knowledge is.
- [Checking sources against each other](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/checking-sources-against-each-other-mt_wWlZoLQBR6): Corroborate: check whether multiple sources agree on the same facts and investigate why they might not.
- [Questioning historical sources](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/questioning-historical-sources-mt_TTzJTF-OkG): Ask who made a historical source, when it was made, and why. Use the answers to judge what the source can tell you and which claims need checking.
- [Understanding People in Their Own Time](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/understanding-people-in-their-own-time-mt_IlyE-Sm8k5): Use evidence about a person's knowledge, beliefs, rules and available choices to understand their actions in the past. People in the same time could disagree. Explaining an action does not make its harm acceptable.
- [Anglo-Saxon Britain](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/anglo-saxon-britain-mt_26OJ9MetR9): Germanic peoples who settled in Britain, mainly after Roman rule ended; their villages and kingdoms in much of what became England, place names, and the spread of Christianity
- [Battle of Hastings and 1066](https://lightmysky.com/learn/history/battle-of-hastings-and-1066-mt_OiDHqtLoln): The events of 1066: the death of Edward the Confessor, three claimants to the throne, the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror, and the Bayeux Tapestry as a historical source
- ...and 21 more at https://lightmysky.com/learn/history

## Learning to Learn

- [Describing Rules & Patterns](https://lightmysky.com/learn/learning-to-learn/describing-rules-and-patterns-mt_hbe_kdE_7C): When you notice a pattern repeating, describe it as a rule that works every time — then test whether the rule holds in new cases
- [Analysing your own errors](https://lightmysky.com/learn/learning-to-learn/analysing-your-own-errors-mt_TDUpy57QVM): When you get something wrong, find what you missed or got mixed up and say what to fix next time.
- [Transferring Skills](https://lightmysky.com/learn/learning-to-learn/transferring-skills-mt_99G6Msdzw-): Notice when a skill you learned in one place could help in a new place and try it there.
- [Understanding Why](https://lightmysky.com/learn/learning-to-learn/understanding-why-mt_Y6P9y1Rz-u): Go beyond knowing *that* something is true — ask *why* it is true and *how* it works
- [Choosing a strategy](https://lightmysky.com/learn/learning-to-learn/choosing-a-strategy-mt_q7zxOloj_L): Before starting a study task, choose a deliberate strategy; after finishing, evaluate honestly whether that strategy actually helped
- [Reflecting After Learning](https://lightmysky.com/learn/learning-to-learn/reflecting-after-learning-mt_v5yDTWEiyQ): After you finish a piece of learning, say what helped, what was confusing and what you would change next time.
- [Big Questions and Supporting Questions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/learning-to-learn/big-questions-and-supporting-questions-mt_JUHStYGUel): Know what makes a question big and worth investigating — no single quick answer, more than one possible view — and break it into smaller supporting questions whose answers build up towards answering the big one

## Life Skills

- [Being a Good Seller](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/being-a-good-seller-mt_cq711F7ruL): Customer service, fairness, and honesty in business; keeping promises to customers; why being trustworthy matters for repeat business and reputation
- [Costs & Revenue](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/costs-and-revenue-mt_9gpUHWVKMR): It costs money to make things (costs/expenses); you earn money by selling them (revenue); if revenue is more than costs, that's profit; if costs are more, that's a loss
- [Having a Business Idea](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/having-a-business-idea-mt_RTwmvr9R7V): Where business ideas come from; spotting everyday problems and thinking of solutions; the difference between inventing something new and improving something that exists
- [Learning from Failure](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/learning-from-failure-mt_dknMcCqvoY): Not every business idea works; entrepreneurs try, fail, learn, and try again; iteration and resilience as core entrepreneurial skills; famous failure-to-success stories
- [Making a Simple Plan](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/making-a-simple-plan-mt_phpn6KhCAv): Before starting a business, making a simple plan: what will I make or do, who will buy it, what do I need, how much will it cost, and what price will I charge?
- [Marketing Basics](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/marketing-basics-mt_M2Gou3O6qT): How people find out about what you're selling; signs, posters, social media, word of mouth; being persuasive; the basics of advertising and promotion
- [Teamwork in Business](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/teamwork-in-business-mt_pOstrrS763): Most businesses need more than one person; working together, dividing tasks, and using different people's strengths; the value of teamwork in business
- [Ethics in Business](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/ethics-in-business-mt_b0sXYFblDL): Being honest, being fair, treating workers well, not harming the environment; what makes a 'good' business; whether businesses should care about more than profit
- [Pitching an Idea](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/pitching-an-idea-mt_bAYy0ytbfC): Presenting a business idea to others convincingly; explaining what makes it good and why people should support it; building confidence in public speaking about ideas
- [Real entrepreneurs](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/real-entrepreneurs-mt_rxJ2O_9Lkr): Stories of real entrepreneurs who started young: Mikaila Ulmer (Me & the Bees), Moziah Bridges (Mo's Bows), Cory Nieves (Mr. Cory's Cookies); what makes someone an entrepreneur
- [Scaling Up](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/scaling-up-mt_7SsduPB2tP): What happens when a small business grows; making more products, hiring people, reaching more customers; the challenges and opportunities of scaling
- [Social Enterprise](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/social-enterprise-mt_QepALf3bin): Using business skills to help others or solve social and environmental problems; making money AND making a difference; examples of social enterprises
- [Supply chains](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/supply-chains-mt_tqgZH11cP5): Where products come from before they reach the customer; raw materials, making, transporting, and selling; the journey of a product from start to finish
- [Advertising & Spending](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/advertising-and-spending-mt_My0OL6fhGL): How advertising tries to influence what we buy; being a critical consumer; understanding 'value for money'; the difference between emotional and rational spending
- [Banks & Saving](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/banks-and-saving-mt_uSUqTjOl8m): What banks do and why people use them; bank accounts as safe places for money; that savings in a bank can earn interest; children's savings accounts
- [Budgeting Pocket Money](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/budgeting-pocket-money-mt_Qzbh-_v0Gq): What a budget is; planning how to spend a fixed amount of pocket money or allowance; making trade-offs between different things you want to buy
- [Earning Money](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/earning-money-mt_uP9faJlnRq): Ways that children and adults earn money; the connection between work, skills and pay; that harder or more skilled work often pays more
- [Fair Trade & Ethics](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/fair-trade-and-ethics-mt_HPf-dVtA3p): Where products come from and who makes them; that people around the world produce what we buy; fair pay for workers; making ethical choices as consumers
- [Making Change](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/making-change-mt_aWOK1npO5s): Calculating change from a purchase; working confidently with pounds and pence together; solving practical money problems involving addition and subtraction
- [Ways to Pay](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/ways-to-pay-mt_K8_RYIvrTV): Different ways to pay: cash, debit cards, contactless, online payments, mobile payments; that digital payments still use real money; keeping payment details safe
- [Borrowing & Debt](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/borrowing-and-debt-mt_bAy4dmP1-A): What borrowing and credit mean; repayment obligations; how interest and fees may add costs; affordable borrowing and debt risks
- [Financial Planning](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/financial-planning-mt_r1hw-KenpK): Setting longer-term financial goals; planning and prioritising spending; how saving regularly adds up over time; the value of thinking ahead with money
- [Global Trade](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/global-trade-mt_0Rx1ISxXFE): Why countries trade with each other; imports and exports; how goods travel around the world; that different countries use different currencies
- [How the Economy Works](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/how-the-economy-works-mt_udgPy5oAvR): What an economy is; producers and consumers; supply and demand; why prices change; the basics of how markets work
- [Scams & Online Safety](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/scams-and-online-safety-mt_W5euSyU2sO): Recognising financial scams and tricks; phishing emails and fake websites; protecting personal and financial information online; 'if it seems too good to be true, it probably is'
- [Taxes & Public Services](https://lightmysky.com/learn/life-skills/taxes-and-public-services-mt_cSz7XTxVAx): What taxes are and why people pay them; how taxes fund schools, hospitals, roads, and emergency services; that governments decide how to spend tax money

## Mathematics

- [Estimating by rounding](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/estimating-by-rounding-mt_QaYfeVL-0C): Estimate the answer to a calculation and use inverse operations to check answers; apply to increasingly large numbers using rounding and inverse reasoning
- [Adding and subtracting (age 8+)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/adding-and-subtracting-age-8-mt_mpS-JK_p_m): Add and subtract numbers with up to four digits using formal written methods of columnar addition and subtraction
- [Fluent adding and subtracting within 1000](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/fluent-adding-and-subtracting-within-1000-mt_HFRYjTb-Z5): Fluently add and subtract within 1000 using strategies and algorithms based on place value, properties of operations, and the relationship between addition and subtraction
- [Two-step addition and subtraction problems](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/two-step-addition-and-subtraction-problems-mt_CDa5AVakLE): Solve addition and subtraction two-step problems in contexts, deciding which operations and methods to use and why
- [Two-Step Equations](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/two-step-equations-mt_anAe11HAEH): Solve two-step word problems using the four operations; represent problems using equations with a letter standing for the unknown quantity
- [Adding and subtracting (age 9+)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/adding-and-subtracting-age-9-mt_-F_Lv_apzH): Solve addition and subtraction multi-step problems in contexts, deciding which operations and methods to use and why
- [Checking Answers by Rounding](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/checking-answers-by-rounding-mt_G3sVFQNCme): Use rounding to check answers to calculations and determine appropriate levels of accuracy in context
- [Fluent addition and subtraction (age 9+)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/fluent-addition-and-subtraction-age-9-mt_Yw1_4Nfsql): Fluently add and subtract whole numbers with more than four digits using the standard columnar algorithm
- [Mental addition and subtraction (age 9+)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/mental-addition-and-subtraction-age-9-mt_MWXPiaTnEu): Add and subtract numbers mentally with increasingly large numbers, using place-value knowledge and derived facts
- [Counting in 6s](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/counting-in-6s-mt_7rJM8eWUfw): Count in multiples of 6, 7, 9, 25, and 1000
- [Data collection and display vocabulary](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/data-collection-and-display-vocabulary-mt_u5HkSxZECM): Read, write, and use the vocabulary of data collection and display — data, tally, tally chart, frequency, frequency table, survey, pictogram, bar chart, axis/axes, scale, label, category, discrete data, continuous data, line graph, pie chart — and apply these terms when collecting, organising, and presenting data
- [Bar charts and time graphs](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/bar-charts-and-time-graphs-mt_ChjMU2GDJa): Interpret and present discrete and continuous data using appropriate graphical methods, including bar charts and time graphs
- [Scaled picture graphs and bar graphs](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/scaled-picture-graphs-and-bar-graphs-mt_r8XnXwRA6g): Draw a scaled picture graph and a scaled bar graph to represent a data set; solve one- and two-step comparison, sum, and difference problems using bar charts, pictograms, and tables
- [Reading and comparing bar and line graphs](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/reading-and-comparing-bar-and-line-graphs-mt_H6LlpWgEYS): Solve comparison, sum, and difference problems using information presented in a bar graph
- [Reading tables](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/reading-tables-mt_Cqm8iy48UI): Complete, read, and interpret information in tables, including timetables
- [Statistical analysis vocabulary](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/statistical-analysis-vocabulary-mt_fmm-P17Vka): Read, write, and use the vocabulary of statistical analysis (mean, median, mode, range, frequency, data, sample, average, chart, table, graph, pie chart, scatter graph, correlation) with an understanding of what each term describes
- [Fraction notation](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/fraction-notation-mt_vKcxX6iNOA): Read and write fraction notation. Name the numerator and denominator and explain equal parts. Use the names unit fraction, non-unit fraction, proper fraction, improper fraction, mixed number, equivalent fraction and simplest form.
- [Adding fractions (same denominator)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/adding-fractions-same-denominator-mt_CBHwluE6Lp): Add and subtract fractions with the same denominator, including results greater than one whole (e.g. 5/8 + 6/8 = 11/8)
- [Comparing fractions (age 8+)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/comparing-fractions-age-8-mt_HnKbuCliNS): Compare two fractions with the same numerator or the same denominator by reasoning about size; record comparisons with >, =, or < symbols
- [Decimal equivalents of tenths and hundredths](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/decimal-equivalents-of-tenths-and-hundredths-mt_TqDq6jyOmL): Recognise and write decimal equivalents of any number of tenths or hundredths (e.g. 3/10 = 0.3, 27/100 = 0.27)
- [Decimal & Percent Notation](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/decimal-and-percent-notation-mt_W17Kbwm0-u): Read, write, and use decimal and percentage notation correctly — decimal, decimal point, tenths, hundredths, thousandths, percentage, per cent, % symbol, convert, terminating decimal — and understand the relationships between fractions, decimals, and percentages as three ways of expressing the same value
- [Rounding decimals to whole numbers](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/rounding-decimals-to-whole-numbers-mt_Fl7b8q9pI1): Round decimals with one decimal place to the nearest whole number
- [Comparing two-decimal numbers](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/comparing-two-decimal-numbers-mt_IegHBHERVa): Compare numbers with the same number of decimal places up to two decimal places
- [Decimals and fractions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/decimals-and-fractions-mt_wB-GBDkoNr): Solve simple measure and money problems involving fractions and decimals to two decimal places
- [Dividing by 10 and 100](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/dividing-by-10-and-100-mt_kDMKJ5Ztt6): Find the effect of dividing a one- or two-digit number by 10 and 100, identifying the value of the digits as ones, tenths, and hundredths
- [Equivalent fractions (age 8+)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/equivalent-fractions-age-8-mt_FP-mjXaq3B): Generate simple equivalent fractions and explain why they are equivalent using visual fraction models
- [Equivalent fractions on a number line](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/equivalent-fractions-on-a-number-line-mt_Ep7TDFuYUa): Understand two fractions as equivalent if they are the same size or the same point on a number line; recognise and show families of common equivalent fractions using diagrams
- [Fraction-Decimal Equivalents](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/fraction-decimal-equivalents-mt_DRlbMok2lT): Recognise and write decimal equivalents of 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4
- [Fractions as parts of shapes](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/fractions-as-parts-of-shapes-mt_idbKDrf9qZ): Partition shapes into parts with equal areas and express the area of each part as a unit fraction of the whole
- [Fractions of amounts (harder)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/fractions-of-amounts-harder-mt_3y7xKP9MjU): Solve problems involving increasingly harder fractions to calculate quantities, including non-unit fractions where the answer is a whole number
- [Fractions of a whole](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/fractions-of-a-whole-mt_ndGqFPWyen): Understand a fraction 1/b as the quantity formed by 1 part when a whole is partitioned into b equal parts; understand a/b as a parts of size 1/b
- [Whole numbers as fractions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/whole-numbers-as-fractions-mt_AYzE1EAvI0): Express whole numbers as fractions (e.g. 3 = 3/1) and recognise fractions equivalent to whole numbers (e.g. 4/4 = 1, 6/1 = 6)
- [Fractions on a number line (age 8+)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/fractions-on-a-number-line-age-8-mt_NoB20kVa4w): Represent fractions on a number line: partition the interval 0 to 1 into b equal parts to locate 1/b, then mark off a lengths of 1/b from 0 to locate a/b
- [Hundredths (age 8+)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/hundredths-age-8-mt_doX1BhmFgk): Count up and down in hundredths; recognise that hundredths arise when dividing an object by 100 or dividing tenths by 10
- [Adding and subtracting mixed numbers](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/adding-and-subtracting-mixed-numbers-mt_70qDTI14td): Add and subtract mixed numbers with like denominators, including by converting to improper fractions or using properties of operations
- [Adding fractions (different denominators)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/adding-fractions-different-denominators-mt_-V7EnqU7gG): Add and subtract fractions when one denominator is a multiple of the other by rewriting with a common denominator.
- [Word problems adding and subtracting fractions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/word-problems-adding-and-subtracting-fractions-mt_ZLqYE7la4Z): Solve word problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions with like denominators, using visual models and equations
- [Comparing Decimals](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/comparing-decimals-mt_933BohS9BH): Compare two decimals to hundredths (or up to three decimal places) by reasoning about size using place-value understanding; record with >, =, <
- [Comparing fractions (age 9+)](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/comparing-fractions-age-9-mt_SXbZ3bC9z7): Compare and order fractions with different numerators and denominators by creating common denominators/numerators or comparing to a benchmark such as 1/2; justify conclusions with visual models
- [Converting tenths to hundredths](https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics/converting-tenths-to-hundredths-mt_NaqEP8xDhZ): Express a fraction with denominator 10 as an equivalent fraction with denominator 100 and use this to add fractions with denominators 10 and 100 (e.g. 3/10 + 4/100 = 34/100)
- ...and 121 more at https://lightmysky.com/learn/mathematics

## Personal & Social Development

- [Emotion Vocabulary](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/emotion-vocabulary-mt_MOY_2Cqalz): Use a wider vocabulary of emotion words beyond the basics — including frustrated, worried, anxious, embarrassed, jealous, proud, disappointed, grateful, and lonely — and distinguish between similar emotions
- [Hidden and Masked Feelings](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/hidden-and-masked-feelings-mt_E5ju6kQSu3): Recognise that people sometimes hide or mask their true feelings — smiling when they're actually sad, or saying 'I'm fine' when they're not — and understand why someone might do this
- [How emotions feel in your body](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/how-emotions-feel-in-your-body-mt_Ytd8XC3eQr): Recognise that feelings can come with body changes, such as a fluttery tummy, tight fists, a fast heartbeat or tense shoulders. Use the situation and their own experience to suggest possible feelings, without treating one body clue as proof.
- [Mild to Strong Emotions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/mild-to-strong-emotions-mt_rymBfJmvFl): Understand that emotions come in different intensities — from mild to strong — and that the same emotion can feel very different depending on how intense it is (e.g., annoyed → angry → furious, or nervous → anxious → panicked)
- [Culture and Experience Shape Emotions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/culture-and-experience-shape-emotions-mt_nIl1kKZHsk): Understand that emotional responses are shaped by personal experiences, culture, and context — the same situation triggers different emotions in different people because of their backgrounds and past experiences
- [Emotional Patterns Over Time](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/emotional-patterns-over-time-mt_cEQqskOaoo): Reflect on their own emotional patterns over time — noticing recurring triggers, understanding their typical responses, and recognising how their emotional awareness has grown
- [Emotions and decision-making](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/emotions-and-decision-making-mt_KA5j5OeGvw): Understand how emotions influence thinking and decision-making: strong feelings can cloud judgement, we often make different choices when calm versus when upset, and recognising this gives us more control.
- [Mixed and Conflicting Emotions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/mixed-and-conflicting-emotions-mt_dlm3NspUyy): Understand that people can experience mixed or conflicting emotions at the same time — feeling excited and nervous about starting a new school, or happy for a friend who won but disappointed for yourself
- [Different Lives and Experiences](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/different-lives-and-experiences-mt_S7UTAhptLi): Understand that people's lives and experiences can be very different from their own — that some children face challenges like disability, poverty, family difficulties, or being new to a country — and develop compassion rather than judgement
- [Fairness, Equality and Equity](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/fairness-equality-and-equity-mt_mDp-1vlL3R): Understand what fairness means and why it matters — recognising that fair doesn't always mean equal (everyone getting the same) but can mean equitable (everyone getting what they need), and applying this understanding in group situations
- [Seeing Someone Else's Point of View](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/seeing-someone-elses-point-of-view-mt_9NQEiYLQA3): Practise perspective-taking by imagining how someone else might feel in a given situation — using prompts like 'How would you feel if that happened to you?' and applying this when reading stories or during real interactions
- [Vocabulary: social awareness](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/vocabulary-social-awareness-mt_a6AYrbb7x4): Know and use the vocabulary of social awareness — including stereotype, prejudice, discrimination, equality, equity, bias, compassion, and fairness — and understand what distinguishes these closely related concepts
- [Prejudice and Discrimination](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/prejudice-and-discrimination-mt_HFN1pGASpZ): Understand the impact of prejudice and discrimination on individuals and communities — that treating people unfairly because of their identity causes real harm — and recognise their own responsibility to stand against it
- [Questioning Your Own Biases](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/questioning-your-own-biases-mt_cOknxrYhwL): Reflect on their own assumptions and biases, recognising that everyone carries unconscious assumptions about others, and that actively questioning these assumptions is an ongoing practice that leads to greater fairness and empathy
- [Stereotypes and Individual Differences](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/stereotypes-and-individual-differences-mt_2oswCNuapH): Recognise stereotypes — oversimplified beliefs about groups of people based on gender, race, age, or other characteristics — and understand that stereotypes are unfair because they ignore individual differences
- [Respecting Different Cultures](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/respecting-different-cultures-mt_DkzsZdyaL2): Learn about traditions and beliefs that may differ from their own. Ask respectful questions, recognise differences within cultures, and describe how cultural understanding can help people live and work together.
- [Communication Vocabulary](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/communication-vocabulary-mt_Ag9NSWJu-X): Know and use the vocabulary of healthy communication and conflict — assertive, passive, aggressive, compromise, conflict, resolution, mediate, bystander, upstander, and peer pressure — and understand the difference between these contrasting approaches
- [Friendships change over time](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/friendships-change-over-time-mt_X7Tu94-a2m): Understand that friendships change over time — that it's normal for friends to drift apart or for new friendships to form — and develop strategies for making new friends and handling friendship changes without feeling like something is wrong with them
- [Resolving Disagreements with Friends](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/resolving-disagreements-with-friends-mt_iWGnyUyN2j): Resolve simple disagreements with peers by talking it through — explaining how they feel, listening to the other person's side, and finding a compromise or solution that both can accept
- [Roles in a Group](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/roles-in-a-group-mt_w4nSIDhIgC): Understand different roles people play in groups — leader, supporter, mediator, idea-generator — and recognise that effective groups need a mix of roles, not everyone trying to be the leader
- [Working well in a group](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/working-well-in-a-group-mt_QxsoqVUt6u): Work with a small group toward a shared goal. Contribute ideas, listen and respond to others, agree on manageable jobs and finish times, and ask for help when needed.
- [Assertive Communication](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/assertive-communication-mt_rqLMfiw61L): Use assertive communication — expressing needs, opinions, and boundaries clearly and respectfully without being aggressive (pushy/demanding) or passive (giving in/staying silent) — including saying no when something doesn't feel right
- [Giving and Receiving Feedback](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/giving-and-receiving-feedback-mt_33zncDHC3N): Give and receive constructive feedback — telling someone what they did well and what could be improved in a way that is helpful rather than hurtful, and receiving feedback about their own work without becoming defensive
- [Helping Others Resolve Conflicts](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/helping-others-resolve-conflicts-mt_AbnwmKD8oe): Mediate conflicts between others — helping two friends who are arguing by listening to both sides, helping them see each other's perspective, and guiding them toward a fair resolution
- [Self-Reflection in Relationships](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/self-reflection-in-relationships-mt_z98J_Zg2L3): Reflect on their own role and behaviour in relationships — recognising patterns in how they interact with others, understanding what they contribute to friendships, and identifying areas where they could improve as a friend or team member
- [Basic digital citizenship](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/basic-digital-citizenship-mt_zIzJGkaj0Q): Understand basic digital citizenship — being kind online, protecting personal information, recognising that people behind screens are real people with real feelings, and knowing what to do if something online makes them uncomfortable
- [Bystanders and Upstanders](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/bystanders-and-upstanders-mt_yCmYV9ruQu): Understand the bystander role — that when someone witnesses unkind or unfair behaviour, they have a choice: they can be a passive bystander (doing nothing), join in, or be an upstander (speaking up or getting help) — and develop the confidence to be an upstander
- [Stop, Think, Then Choose](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/stop-think-then-choose-mt_RhntJz7p_6): Use a simple decision-making process when faced with a choice — stopping to think, identifying the options, considering the consequences of each option, and then choosing — rather than acting impulsively
- [Understanding Bullying](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/understanding-bullying-mt_I9iSzpGRn5): Understand bullying as hurtful behaviour involving unequal power that happens repeatedly or is likely to happen again. Recognise physical, verbal, social and online bullying, and know how to seek help safely when experiencing or witnessing it.
- [Vocabulary: ethics and citizenship](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/vocabulary-ethics-and-citizenship-mt_h-z88yf9Pn): Know and use the vocabulary of ethics and citizenship — bullying, cyberbullying, bystander, upstander, peer pressure, digital citizenship, rights, responsibility, and ethical — and understand the distinctions between these closely related terms
- [Community rights and responsibilities](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/community-rights-and-responsibilities-mt_h_shhH-6DC): Understand that every child has rights to safety, education and respectful treatment. Explain how community members help protect others' rights, and that children keep their rights when they make mistakes.
- [Difficult Ethical Choices](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/difficult-ethical-choices-mt_6xj94tmpi-): Understand that ethical decisions are not always black and white — that sometimes there is no perfect answer and reasonable people can disagree — and practise weighing up competing values when making difficult choices
- [Ethics in Real-World Issues](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/ethics-in-real-world-issues-mt_RNeEF1JU4J): Evaluate the ethical dimensions of real-world issues they encounter — such as environmental responsibility, fairness in sport, digital ethics, or social justice — considering multiple perspectives and forming a reasoned personal position
- [Peer Pressure and Resisting It](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/peer-pressure-and-resisting-it-mt_JivEBTD_KV): Recognise pressure from friends or other people their age to join in. Practise safe ways to refuse unsafe, unkind or unwanted actions, including leaving safely and asking a trusted adult for help.
- [Vocabulary: self](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/vocabulary-self-mt_H4YZ1rSKP3): Know and use the vocabulary of self-reflection: self-awareness, reflect, pattern, trigger, assumption, impact, perspective, and notice, and understand that having precise words for these inner experiences makes them easier to understand and talk about
- [Patterns in Your Own Reactions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/patterns-in-your-own-reactions-mt_H8dEMH_wik): Notice patterns in your own reactions — 'I tend to respond like this when I'm tired, left out, or put on the spot'
- [Your Impact on Others](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/your-impact-on-others-mt_rpug2tkYhb): Reflect on how your behaviour lands on others — consider not just what you intended but what the actual impact was on the other person
- [Questioning First Impressions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/questioning-first-impressions-mt_Mb1JUJmnbX): Notice when your first reading of a social situation might be wrong: your assumptions about why someone acted a certain way are not always facts
- [Breaking Tasks into Steps](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/breaking-tasks-into-steps-mt_miGrca8zaS): Break a challenging task into smaller, manageable steps rather than feeling overwhelmed by the whole thing — and celebrate progress along the way
- [Choosing the Right Coping Strategy](https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development/choosing-the-right-coping-strategy-mt_j8Pv3s7TZR): Understand that different situations require different coping strategies — what works for anger might not work for sadness, and what helps at school might be different from what helps at home
- ...and 10 more at https://lightmysky.com/learn/personal-and-social-development

## Science

- [Animal Communication](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/animal-communication-mt_wHN14Unk7h): Understand that animals communicate in many different ways — birds sing to attract mates and defend territory, whales call across vast ocean distances, bees dance to show other bees where food is, wolves howl to keep the pack together, and fireflies flash light signals — and that communication is essential for survival
- [Animal Migration](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/animal-migration-mt_bK84sPehyP): Know that many animals make incredible journeys called migrations — Arctic terns fly from pole to pole, monarch butterflies travel thousands of miles across North America, wildebeest cross the Serengeti following rain, and humpback whales swim between polar feeding grounds and tropical breeding waters — and that these journeys are linked to food, breeding, and seasons
- [Desert Animals](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/desert-animals-mt_0zqOTjjW2k): Explore animals of the desert — camels, fennec foxes, scorpions, rattlesnakes, meerkats — and understand how desert animals survive extreme heat and lack of water through being active at night, storing water or fat, burrowing underground during the day, and having large ears to lose heat
- [Polar Animals](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/polar-animals-mt_D4lyx0iYyB): Explore animals of the Arctic and Antarctic — polar bears, Arctic foxes, and walruses in the north; penguins, seals, and albatrosses in the south — and understand how polar animals survive extreme cold through thick fur or blubber, huddling behaviour, and seasonal changes like white winter coats
- [Predator Hunting and Prey Defence Strategies](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/predator-hunting-and-prey-defence-strategies-mt_Bztatrv-_v): Understand that predators have evolved hunting strategies — wolves hunt in packs, chameleons use their long tongues, spiders build webs, crocodiles ambush at water's edge — and prey animals have evolved defences — porcupine spines, skunk spray, poison dart frog toxins, zebra stripes confusing predators, playing dead
- [Rainforest Animals](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/rainforest-animals-mt_DCelLx_H1A): Explore animals of the tropical rainforest — the most species-rich habitat on Earth — learning that the forest has layers (canopy, understory, forest floor) with different animals at each level: toucans and monkeys in the canopy, jaguars and frogs on the floor, and that rainforests are found near the equator
- [Savanna & Grassland Animals](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/savanna-and-grassland-animals-mt_YynJoQcm_M): Explore animals of the grasslands and savanna — lions, zebras, wildebeest, elephants, cheetahs in African savanna; bison and prairie dogs in American grasslands — understanding why large herds form on open grasslands and how predators and prey interact in these wide-open spaces
- [The World of Minibeasts](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/the-world-of-minibeasts-mt_R7LEuZjTmx): Know that insects and other minibeasts (spiders, worms, snails, centipedes) are the most numerous and diverse group of animals on Earth — there are more species of beetle than any other animal — and that they play vital roles as pollinators (bees, butterflies), decomposers (woodlice, worms), and food for other animals
- [Animal Intelligence](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/animal-intelligence-mt_fpPLWFIRVo): Explore animal intelligence and complex behaviour — chimpanzees and crows use tools, dolphins recognise themselves in mirrors, octopuses solve puzzles and escape enclosures, elephants mourn their dead, meerkats teach their young to handle scorpions — understanding that many animals think, learn, and have social lives more complex than once believed
- [Biodiversity](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/biodiversity-mt_NDZYiLvApW): Understand that biodiversity — the variety of different species in an ecosystem — is essential for healthy ecosystems, and that keystone species (like wolves in Yellowstone, sea otters in kelp forests, or bees as pollinators) have an outsized impact on their ecosystem, so that losing one key species can cause a cascade of changes affecting many others
- [Endangered & Extinct Species](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/endangered-and-extinct-species-mt_5S4byWDX6n): Understand why some animal species become endangered or go extinct — habitat destruction, hunting/poaching, pollution, climate change, and invasive species — and know examples like the giant panda, mountain gorilla, Amur leopard, and the now-extinct dodo and thylacine, using the IUCN Red List as the system scientists use to track threatened species
- [Invasive Species](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/invasive-species-mt_CBxOcjh69x): Understand that invasive species are animals (or plants) that have been introduced to a place where they don't naturally belong — like grey squirrels outcompeting red squirrels in the UK, cane toads poisoning native predators in Australia, or rabbits devastating ecosystems in Australia — and that they can cause serious harm to native wildlife by competing for food, spreading disease, or having no natural predators
- [Protecting Endangered Animals](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/protecting-endangered-animals-mt_pWwV_8OgXD): Know how people work to protect endangered animals — through national parks and marine reserves, captive breeding programmes (like those that saved the California condor and Arabian oryx), anti-poaching patrols, wildlife corridors connecting habitats, and laws banning trade in endangered species — and understand that children can contribute through habitat-friendly choices
- [Three Kinds of Adaptations](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/three-kinds-of-adaptations-mt_EaWjCyn8W2): Understand that animals have structural adaptations (body features like the giraffe's long neck, eagle's talons, dolphin's streamlined shape), behavioural adaptations (migration, hibernation, tool use), and physiological adaptations (antifreeze in Arctic fish blood, echolocation in bats) — and that these developed over many generations through natural selection
- [Symbiosis](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/symbiosis-mt_H8OgKZbgGe): Understand symbiosis — close relationships between different species — including mutualism (both benefit, like clownfish and anemones), commensalism (one benefits without harming the other, like remora fish riding sharks), and parasitism (one benefits at the other's expense, like ticks on deer) — and recognise these relationships in nature
- [Dinosaurs Around the World](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/dinosaurs-around-the-world-mt_oH1XC8aQYn): Understand that different dinosaurs lived on different continents and that fossil discoveries around the world show dinosaurs were a global phenomenon, with some species found only in certain regions
- [Fossilised Dinosaur Dung](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/fossilised-dinosaur-dung-mt_1dXhJp6qLJ): Describe what coprolites are (fossilised dinosaur dung) and how palaeontologists analyse them to discover what dinosaurs ate, including plant fragments, bones, and seeds
- [Fossils Reveal Ancient Environments](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/fossils-reveal-ancient-environments-mt_fKwgN61ttR): Understand that fossils tell us not only about ancient animals but also about ancient environments — for example, marine fossils found on a mountaintop show that area was once underwater
- [Fossilisation: Why Sediment, Minerals and Luck All Matter](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/fossilisation-why-sediment-minerals-and-luck-all-matter-mt_iycQEai3dK): Explain in simple terms how fossils form: an organism dies and is quickly buried in sediment; over millions of years minerals replace the remains and the sediment turns to rock, preserving the shape
- [Mary Anning, Fossil Hunter](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/mary-anning-fossil-hunter-mt_excSPNHJWZ): Know who Mary Anning was — a pioneering fossil hunter from Lyme Regis, England, who discovered ichthyosaur and plesiosaur skeletons in the early 1800s and contributed to our understanding of prehistoric life
- [Reading Dinosaur Trackways](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/reading-dinosaur-trackways-mt_Wpvuz3mvBq): Use dinosaur trackways (fossilised footprints) to make inferences about a dinosaur's size, speed, and behaviour — widely spaced prints suggest running, closely spaced suggest walking
- [The Mesozoic Era](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/the-mesozoic-era-mt_uQljqc0J5j): Place the three periods of the Mesozoic Era — Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous — in order and understand that different dinosaurs lived in different periods, not all at the same time
- [Types of Fossils](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/types-of-fossils-mt_1VSFoM44JU): Distinguish body fossils (preserved bones, teeth, shells) from trace fossils (footprints, trackways, eggs, burrows, coprolites) and explain what each type can tell scientists
- [Fossils as Evidence](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/fossils-as-evidence-mt_6Z42wJaKYG): Analyse and interpret data from fossils to provide evidence of organisms and environments that existed long ago
- [Birds Evolved from Dinosaurs](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/birds-evolved-from-dinosaurs-mt_T8JGTJ-oNI): Understand that modern birds evolved from a group of small feathered theropod dinosaurs, using evidence such as the fossil Archaeopteryx, feathered dinosaur fossils from China, and shared skeletal features
- [Changing Scientific Knowledge](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/changing-scientific-knowledge-mt_0T0Zf0YG6k): Evaluate competing scientific explanations about dinosaurs by weighing fossil evidence — understanding that scientific knowledge changes as new fossils are discovered and new methods of analysis are developed
- [Dinosaur Hip Groups](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/dinosaur-hip-groups-mt_yrSdVrXrsF): Classify dinosaurs into the two major groups based on hip structure: Saurischia (lizard-hipped, including theropods and sauropods) and Ornithischia (bird-hipped, including Triceratops and Stegosaurus)
- [How Palaeontologists Work](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/how-palaeontologists-work-mt_JBWMqZVO7S): Describe how palaeontologists work in the field and lab: prospecting for exposed fossils, careful excavation with hand tools, plaster jacketing for transport, preparation in the lab, and scientific description and publication
- [Palaeoart & Speculation](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/palaeoart-and-speculation-mt_M8UQTURODF): Understand that palaeoart — scientific illustrations and models of dinosaurs — is based on fossil evidence but involves informed speculation about skin colour, feathers, and soft tissues that don't usually fossilise
- [Reading Cladograms](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/reading-cladograms-mt_cSPtyLF3q1): Read and create simple cladograms (branching diagrams) that show how groups of dinosaurs are related based on shared features, understanding that species sharing more features are more closely related
- [Rock Layers & Relative Dating](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/rock-layers-and-relative-dating-mt_EGIlsfHxb6): Understand that rock layers (strata) form in sequence with the oldest at the bottom and the youngest at the top, and that fossils found in deeper layers are older — this is the principle of relative dating
- [The K-Pg Extinction Event](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/the-k-pg-extinction-event-mt_QHKqckBdAk): Describe the Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K-Pg) extinction event approximately 66 million years ago, including the asteroid impact theory and its evidence (iridium layer, Chicxulub crater), and understand that this ended the reign of non-avian dinosaurs
- [Evaporation and condensation](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/evaporation-and-condensation-mt_zCGwH1OQZa): Use evaporation, condensation, precipitation, collection, transpiration, water vapour, runoff and groundwater to describe water changing form and moving along different paths in the water cycle
- [Graphing seasonal weather data](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/graphing-seasonal-weather-data-mt_NYsz6QgaaE): Represent data in tables and graphical displays to describe typical weather conditions expected during a particular season
- [Climates around the world](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/climates-around-the-world-mt_Gm12BzcCfX): Obtain and combine information to describe climates in different regions of the world, distinguishing between weather and climate
- [Erosion and weathering](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/erosion-and-weathering-mt_vAP_A986IQ): Make observations and measurements to provide evidence of the effects of weathering or the rate of erosion by water, ice, wind, or vegetation
- [Finding patterns in data](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/finding-patterns-in-data-mt_-G6erQvLig): Analyse and interpret data from maps to describe patterns of Earth's features, recognising that many features result from processes that occur over long periods
- [Types of rocks](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/types-of-rocks-mt_bqL8DD1SbV): Use vocabulary for Earth's geological processes and rock types — igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic, erosion, weathering, deposition, fossil, sediment, strata, permeable, impermeable — and apply these when explaining how rocks form and how landscapes change over time
- [Animal Groups & Survival](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/animal-groups-and-survival-mt_i4bDqjyglj): Construct an argument that some animals form groups that help members survive, such as herds, packs, or colonies
- [Changing Environments](https://lightmysky.com/learn/science/changing-environments-mt_Wyd-l-6H7G): Recognise that environments can change and that this can sometimes pose dangers and challenges to living things
- ...and 210 more at https://lightmysky.com/learn/science

## Geography

- [Reading Maps: Symbols and Grids](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/reading-maps-symbols-and-grids-mt__Xl9qT-B20): Read and draw maps using symbols, a key, the eight compass points and four- and six-figure grid references; use atlases, globes and digital maps to locate countries and features, and use scale to judge real distances
- [Latitude, Longitude and Time Zones](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/latitude-longitude-and-time-zones-mt_3LBzy7Jbxv): Use the global grid: latitude and longitude, the Equator, the hemispheres, the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, the Arctic and Antarctic Circles and the Prime Meridian; and time zones, including why day and night differ around the world
- [Countries of Europe and the Americas](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/countries-of-europe-and-the-americas-mt_xLEoqfmGFo): Locate the world's countries and major cities using maps and atlases, with a focus on Europe (including Russia) and North and South America; know key physical and human features of the countries studied
- [The United Kingdom](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/the-united-kingdom-mt_Da-EAL3BvB): The four countries of the United Kingdom and their capitals; the surrounding seas; counties, major cities and regions; key features such as hills, mountains, coasts and rivers, and how land use has changed over time
- [Comparing Places](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/comparing-places-mt_SvEBb2xVzt): Compare the human and physical geography of one small area with a contrasting area far away (a UK area and one in another country or continent): what is similar, what differs, and how land, weather and daily life go together
- [Where People Live and Why](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/where-people-live-and-why-mt_r1SD8eMOxU): Why people cluster in some places and not others: settlements grow near rivers, coasts, fertile land and resources; climate, water and culture shape where populations concentrate and how settlements change
- [Migration and Movement](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/migration-and-movement-mt_kTmHn_iAZ_): Why people migrate: push factors (drought, conflict, scarce work) and pull factors (jobs, safety, family); how environments and cultures drive the movement of people, goods and ideas, and how migration changes places
- [Human and Economic Geography](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/human-and-economic-geography-mt_Q-Px2v3Cd_): Human features of places: cities, towns, villages, ports, factories and farms; types of settlement and land use; economic activity and trade links; how natural resources such as energy, food, minerals and water are spread around the world
- [Adapting to Environments](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/adapting-to-environments-mt_jMDYpyZo6w): How culture shapes the way people adapt to and modify their environments: housing built for heat, cold or floods; irrigation and terracing that make farming possible; clothing and daily rhythms suited to the local climate
- [Geographical Fieldwork](https://lightmysky.com/learn/geography/geographical-fieldwork-mt_RT-RAZ0SRX): Study real places first-hand: observe, measure, record and present the human and physical features of the local area using sketch maps, plans, tallies, graphs, photographs and digital tools

## Civics & Economics

- [Levels and Branches of Government](https://lightmysky.com/learn/civics-and-economics/levels-and-branches-of-government-mt_kbdfkqinc_): Government works at different levels: local, regional and national; in many countries power is also split between those who make laws, those who carry them out, and those who judge disputes
- [Laws and How They Change](https://lightmysky.com/learn/civics-and-economics/laws-and-how-they-change-mt_5gxLuo0u_V): Why communities have laws: to keep people safe, protect freedoms and settle disputes fairly; where laws come from, and how citizens change a law that isn't working, by voting, petitioning or campaigning
- [How Groups Make Decisions](https://lightmysky.com/learn/civics-and-economics/how-groups-make-decisions-mt_nW4AxgWheP): Different ways groups decide: one person in charge, a vote, or talking until everyone agrees; where each is used, from families and classrooms to councils and courts, and the trade-offs in speed and fairness
- [Taking Action on Community Problems](https://lightmysky.com/learn/civics-and-economics/taking-action-on-community-problems-mt_8tFS0k82bU): Tackle a real problem in the community step by step: name the problem, find out who it affects and who can fix it, weigh ways to act alone or with others, predict what each action might change, then try one and see
- [How People Change Society](https://lightmysky.com/learn/civics-and-economics/how-people-change-society-mt_Wx2pvpg4QP): How ordinary people have changed unfair situations, past and present: petitions, peaceful protest, boycotts, forming movements, and voting; why change often takes many people, many methods and a long time
- [Incentives and Choices](https://lightmysky.com/learn/civics-and-economics/incentives-and-choices-mt_KxkoDkbjPy): Rewards and penalties steer choices: sales, pocket-money deals, prizes, fines and late fees all change what people do; spotting the incentive behind a choice, including who set it up and why
- [Productivity, Skills and Tools](https://lightmysky.com/learn/civics-and-economics/productivity-skills-and-tools-mt_q9wqRR_1Vk): Why some work produces more: better tools and machines (capital goods) and better-trained people (human capital); how learning a skill raises what a person can earn, and how rising productivity lifts living standards

## Arts & Music

- [Developing Art Techniques](https://lightmysky.com/learn/arts-and-music/developing-art-techniques-mt_WHP0beHTl1): Improve control of drawing, painting and sculpture: shading and tone with pencil and charcoal, mixing and layering paint, building forms in clay; keep a sketchbook to record observations, test ideas and revisit them
- [Great Artists and Designers](https://lightmysky.com/learn/arts-and-music/great-artists-and-designers-mt_RdVEVrWmGZ): Learn about the work of artists, architects, craft makers and designers past and present; describe similarities and differences between their styles and methods, and make links to your own artwork
- [Listening to Music](https://lightmysky.com/learn/arts-and-music/listening-to-music-mt_sVUxOvaDOO): Listen with concentration to a wide range of music: pick out instruments and voices, describe how pieces change (faster, slower, louder, quieter) and recall sounds and short patterns from memory with growing accuracy
- [Composing Music](https://lightmysky.com/learn/arts-and-music/composing-music-mt_QzScsMn9fX): Improvise and compose short pieces for a purpose: build and layer patterns of pitch, rhythm, tempo and dynamics; repeat, vary and order ideas into a shape, and explain the choices behind the finished piece
- [Reading Musical Notation](https://lightmysky.com/learn/arts-and-music/reading-musical-notation-mt_YrnMXGEnk-): Read staff notation and other ways of writing music down: note names on the stave, note and rest lengths (crotchets, quavers, minims), and graphic scores; follow a written melody and match notation to what is heard
- [Music Through History](https://lightmysky.com/learn/arts-and-music/music-through-history-mt__1i5N9PywE): Get to know great composers and musicians and music from different times, places and traditions; describe what makes each style distinctive and how music has changed from early and classical eras to recorded and popular music
- [Playing a Part: Voice, Face and Body](https://lightmysky.com/learn/arts-and-music/playing-a-part-voice-face-and-body-mt_uN2l8k1-Oi): An actor shows who a character is with three tools: how they say the words, what their face does, and how they hold and move their body. The same line can be made kind or cruel by voice alone.
- [Building a Scene: Who Wants What](https://lightmysky.com/learn/arts-and-music/building-a-scene-who-wants-what-mt_CZbWK5gf0v): A scene works when each character wants something and something is in the way. Change what one of them wants and the scene changes, which is why actors and writers start there.
- [Dance: Telling a Story Without Words](https://lightmysky.com/learn/arts-and-music/dance-telling-a-story-without-words-mt_JCmUH5GmE9): Dance carries meaning through the body: how big a movement is, how fast, how high, and whether it repeats. A dance can tell a story or show a feeling with no words at all.

## Design & Technology

- [Design Briefs and Better Products](https://lightmysky.com/learn/design-and-technology/design-briefs-and-better-products-mt_QeNClHE0EG): Investigate and analyse existing products: work out who a product is for, what it does well and badly, how it works and what it is made from; use the analysis to write a design brief and criteria for a better version
- [Using Tools Safely](https://lightmysky.com/learn/design-and-technology/using-tools-safely-mt_8_IFOc79VA): Choose and use tools and equipment for cutting, shaping, joining and finishing (scissors, hole punches, saws, sandpaper, glue): match the tool to the material and the job, and explain the safety rules for each
- [Strengthening Structures](https://lightmysky.com/learn/design-and-technology/strengthening-structures-mt_QnYDI3itJY): How structures stand up and how to make them stronger, stiffer and more stable: wide bases, triangles, tubes, folds and cross-bracing; why some shapes resist pushing and pulling, and how real bridges and towers use these tricks
- [Design That Changed the World](https://lightmysky.com/learn/design-and-technology/design-that-changed-the-world-mt_6PWs6Qp8V6): How key designers, engineers and inventions have shaped everyday life: stories such as the printing press, the safety bicycle, flight and the telephone; what problem each design solved and how it changed the way people live
- [Cooking and Food Preparation](https://lightmysky.com/learn/design-and-technology/cooking-and-food-preparation-mt_rEYrcOo7Vu): Prepare and cook mostly savoury dishes using a range of techniques: washing, peeling, chopping, mixing, boiling, frying and baking; follow a recipe in order, and know the hygiene and safety rules for handling food
- [Mechanisms That Make Things Move](https://lightmysky.com/learn/design-and-technology/mechanisms-that-make-things-move-mt_i6Je5hnxJz): A mechanism turns one movement into another: a push into a lift, a turn into a wobble, a small force into a big one. Levers, linkages, cams and cranks are the pieces a maker reaches for.

## Languages

- [Listening and speaking in a new language](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/listening-and-speaking-in-a-new-language-mt_iXtqoIfjHb): Listen attentively to a new language and join in: hold simple conversations, ask and answer questions, speak in sentences using familiar phrases, and build pronunciation and intonation through songs, rhymes and presenting aloud
- [Reading and Vocabulary in a New Language](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/reading-and-vocabulary-in-a-new-language-mt_chlXo6jI0U): Read and understand words, phrases and short passages in a new language; enjoy its stories, songs and poems; and broaden vocabulary by working out new words from familiar material and checking them in a dictionary
- [Writing in a New Language](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/writing-in-a-new-language-mt_aq8JZdKD3m): Write phrases from memory in a new language and adapt them to make new sentences; describe people, places, things and actions in writing, using familiar vocabulary and simple structures to express ideas clearly
- [Grammar Patterns Across Languages](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/grammar-patterns-across-languages-mt_McU78DkGy_): Understand how a new language is built: gendered nouns, verb endings that change with the speaker, and word-order patterns; use these patterns to build new sentences and compare how the new language and English do things differently
- [Writing Systems: Sound, Syllable and Symbol](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/writing-systems-sound-syllable-and-symbol-mt_kUaS9WiVY0): Not every language writes the way English does. Some spell out sounds, some give a symbol per syllable, some a symbol per word, and some leave the vowels for the reader to supply. Which kind you face decides what learning to read it will take.
- [Sound and Spelling in a New Language](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/sound-and-spelling-in-a-new-language-mt_aLRdIL4V2_): Learn how the new language writes its sounds: which letters and marks make which sound, which letters stay silent, and where the stress falls. With the map in hand a written word can be said aloud and a heard word can be written down.
- [Cognates and False Friends](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/cognates-and-false-friends-mt_5UdrDnwYCD): Many words look or sound like words you already know, because languages borrow from each other and share ancestors. Some of those lookalikes mean something else entirely, so a resemblance is a first guess and not an answer.
- [Building a Word Bank That Sticks](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/building-a-word-bank-that-sticks-mt_gGV99k0ZpI): Keep your own store of words and phrases, and bring them back on purpose: write each one in a sentence you would actually say, test yourself from memory, and return to the ones that keep slipping. Meeting a word once is not learning it.
- [Asking for what you need](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/asking-for-what-you-need-mt_Dn4GKSRgKd): Get through a real exchange on a small stock of words: ask for something, ask a price or a direction, and say you did not follow and need it again. The phrases that keep an exchange alive matter more here than correct grammar.
- [Word order and question forms](https://lightmysky.com/learn/languages/word-order-and-question-forms-mt_aY-pVRzyEz): Languages put the parts of a sentence in different orders, and each has its own way of turning a statement into a question. Learn the order the new language uses and how it marks a question, and you can build sentences you have never heard.