New flags over old fields

History · World History · ages 16-18

Name ______________________ Date ____________

Which group held many leading positions in Spanish American independence movements?
- Spanish-born officials appointed to defend royal authority.
- Creole elites of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas.
- Enslaved recruits who controlled the new governments.
How did Napoleon's intervention in Spain open an opportunity for colonial self-rule?
- The disputed monarchy gave juntas a basis for claiming local authority.
- Napoleon granted independence to the mainland Spanish colonies.
- The king's restoration in Spain created the first local juntas.
Political independence automatically redistributed large estates to poor people throughout Spanish America.
Circle one: True False
Why did plans for one lasting state across Spanish America face difficulties?
- Regional leaders accepted a common capital and disputed only foreign trade.
- Regions disputed central rule, and military leaders competed for power.
- Independence removed regional rivalries but restored Spain's authority.
Armies included enslaved recruits and people of mixed ancestry, but wealthy owners often retained large estates. What can we conclude?
- Army service guaranteed recruits an equal share of land.
- Creole leaders excluded enslaved people from their armies.
- Broad participation did not lead to equal gains.
Brazil became independent in 1822, but slavery continued for decades. Which distinction does this illustrate?
- Slavery ended as soon as Portuguese rule ended.
- Brazil was still a colony because slavery continued.
- Independence and emancipation were separate changes.
Some slaveholders feared Haiti's revolt, while Pétion offered Bolívar help on condition that he end slavery. Which interpretation fits both facts?
- Haiti only made slaveholders fear revolt.
- Haitian aid settled abolition policy everywhere.
- Haiti's influence included both fear and pressure for emancipation.
Brazil declared independence from Portugal in 1822; Algeria gained independence from France in 1962. Which comparison is supported by these facts alone?
- Both achieved equal landownership at independence.
- Both ended European rule, but in different periods.
- Both followed the same military path to independence.

Answer key

For grown-ups. Fold this page away before handing over the rest.

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Creole elites of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas. · Creole elites held many leading positions. The armies included other groups whose participation did not give them equal control afterwards.
The disputed monarchy gave juntas a basis for claiming local authority. · Napoleon's removal of Spain's rulers led to disputes over royal authority. Local juntas claimed authority, often initially in the absent king's name.
False · Large estates often remained with wealthy owners. Ending Spanish rule did not automatically transfer land to poor people.
Regions disputed central rule, and military leaders competed for power. · Regions disagreed over central authority, and military leaders competed for power. These conflicts weakened plans for political unity.
Broad participation did not lead to equal gains. · The evidence distinguishes who fought from who benefited. A broad fighting coalition could leave unequal landownership afterwards.
Independence and emancipation were separate changes. · Brazil became an independent empire without ending slavery. A change in sovereignty did not automatically free enslaved people.
Haiti's influence included both fear and pressure for emancipation. · The evidence shows different influences: fear among some slaveholders and assistance tied to emancipation. It does not establish which abolition policies were implemented.
Both ended European rule, but in different periods. · The former rulers and dates support a comparison of political independence and timing. They do not establish equal landownership or identical military paths.