A coin tossed 100 times lands heads 52 times. What is the relative frequency as a decimal?

Answer: ______________

A coin is tossed 50 times with 23 heads. What is the relative frequency of heads?

• 23/50
• 23/27
• 50/23
• 27/50

What does relative frequency measure?

• Outcome count / total trials
• The number of possible outcomes
• The theoretical probability of an event

Relative frequency is calculated from observed experimental results, not from a theoretical model.

Circle one:   True   False

A spinner is spun 40 times: red 16, blue 14, green 10. What is the relative frequency of red?

• 2/5
• 16/24
• 40/16
• 1/4

For independent tosses of the same fair coin, 5000 tosses usually give a relative frequency nearer 1/2 than 50 tosses. True or false?

Circle one:   True   False

A fair coin gives 23 heads in 50 independent tosses, while theory gives a heads probability of 1/2. What best explains the gap?

• 50 tosses is a small sample, so chance wobbles
• The coin is always unfair
• Theory is wrong
• 23/50 equals 1/2 exactly

For independent tosses of the same fair coin, what tends to happen to the relative frequency of heads as the sample grows from 20 to 2000 tosses?

• It tends to get further from 0.5
• Usually closer to 0.5
• It always stays exactly the same

Two experiments use independent tosses of the same fair coin. A: 10 tosses, 7 heads. B: 1000 tosses, 508 heads. Which gives the better estimate here, and why?

• Experiment A, because smaller numbers are easier to work with
• Both are equally reliable
• Experiment B, because more trials make the relative frequency a more reliable estimate

Mia rolled a die 6 times and got each number exactly once. She says this proves the die is perfectly fair. What's wrong with her reasoning?

• Six rolls is too few to draw a firm conclusion about fairness
• Dice can never be tested for fairness
• Getting each number once always happens with a fair die