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Chemistry

All 178 topics on the way, in the order they build on each other.

  1. Gas Volumes and the Ideal Gas Equationages 16 to 17 · on the way
  2. Enthalpy Change, Standard Conditions and Calorimetryages 16 to 17 · on the way
  3. Hess's Law and Enthalpy Cyclesages 16 to 17 · on the way
  4. Ionisation Energy and the Evidence for Sub-Shellsages 16 to 17 · on the way
  5. Naming Organic Compounds and the Formulas That Show Structureages 16 to 17 · on the way
  6. Isomerism: Same Formula, Different Moleculeages 16 to 17 · on the way
  7. Orbitals, Sub-Shells and Electron Configurationages 16 to 17 · on the way
  8. Trends Across Period 3: Radius, Ionisation Energy and Melting Pointages 16 to 17 · on the way
  9. Period 3 Oxides and the Acid-Base Divideages 16 to 18 · on the way
  10. Group 2: Reactivity and Solubility Trendsages 16 to 17 · on the way
  11. Group 7: Oxidising Power, Displacement and Halide Testsages 16 to 17 · on the way
  12. Oxidation Numbers and Balancing Redox Equationsages 16 to 18 · on the way
  13. Lattice Enthalpy and Born-Haber Cyclesages 17 to 18 · on the way
  14. Entropy and the Spread of Energyages 17 to 18 · on the way
  15. Free Energy and Whether a Reaction Is Feasibleages 17 to 18 · on the way
  16. Rate Equations and Orders of Reactionages 17 to 18 · on the way
  17. Reading Orders and Half-Lives from Rate Graphsages 17 to 18 · on the way
  18. Standard Electrode Potentials and Predicting Redox Reactionsages 17 to 18 · on the way
  19. Cells That Do Work: Batteries, Fuel Cells and Corrosionages 17 to 18 · on the way
  20. Redox Titrations with Manganate(VII) and Thiosulfateages 17 to 18 · on the way
  21. The Rate-Determining Step and Reaction Mechanismsages 17 to 18 · on the way
  22. The Arrhenius Equation and Finding Activation Energyages 17 to 18 · on the way
  23. The Equilibrium Constant Kcages 16 to 18 · on the way
  24. Kp, Partial Pressures and Gas Equilibriaages 17 to 18 · on the way
  25. pH, Kw and Strong Acids and Basesages 17 to 18 · on the way
  26. Solubility Equilibria and When a Precipitate Appearsages 17 to 18 · on the way
  27. Transition Metals: Variable Oxidation State, Colour and Catalysisages 17 to 18 · on the way
  28. Complex Ions, Ligands and Their Shapesages 17 to 18 · on the way
  29. Weak Acids, Ka and pKaages 17 to 18 · on the way
  30. Buffers and Titration Curvesages 17 to 18 · on the way
  31. Metal Aqua Ions: Acidity, Ligand Exchange and Precipitationages 17 to 18 · on the way
  32. Calibration, the Blank and What Makes a Measurement Trustworthyages 18 to 19 · on the way
  33. Molecular Orbital Theory for Homonuclear Diatomicsages 18 to 19 · on the way
  34. Heteronuclear Diatomics and Polarity in Orbital Termsages 18 to 19 · on the way
  35. Molecular Symmetry: Elements, Operations and Point Groupsages 18 to 19 · on the way
  36. Signal, Noise and the Limit of Detectionages 18 to 19 · on the way
  37. The Beer-Lambert Law and Quantitative Absorptionages 18 to 19 · on the way
  38. Uncertainty in a Measurement and Where It Comes Fromages 18 to 19 · on the way
  39. Propagating Uncertainty Through a Calculationages 18 to 19 · on the way
  40. Significance Tests for Chemical Dataages 18 to 20 · on the way
  41. Least-Squares Calibration and the Uncertainty of a Result Read From Itages 19 to 20 · on the way
  42. Main-Group Chemistry: What Changes Down a p-Block Groupages 19 to 20 · on the way
  43. Free-Radical Substitution in Alkanesages 16 to 17 · on the way
  44. Electrophilic Addition to Alkenesages 16 to 17 · on the way
  45. Nucleophilic Substitution in Haloalkanesages 16 to 18 · on the way
  46. Elimination and Choosing Between Two Pathwaysages 16 to 18 · on the way
  47. Alcohols: Classification, Oxidation and Dehydrationages 16 to 17 · on the way
  48. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition and the Tests That Separate Themages 17 to 18 · on the way
  49. Carboxylic Acids, Esters and Hydrolysisages 17 to 18 · on the way
  50. Amines and Amides: Basicity and the Nitrogen Functional Groupsages 17 to 18 · on the way
  51. Benzene: Delocalisation and Electrophilic Substitutionages 17 to 18 · on the way
  52. Addition and Condensation Polymersages 17 to 18 · on the way
  53. Mass Spectra and Infrared: Identifying an Unknownages 17 to 18 · on the way
  54. NMR Spectra: Counting Environmentsages 17 to 18 · on the way
  55. Hybridisation, Conjugation and Delocalisation in Organic Moleculesages 18 to 19 · on the way
  56. Curly Arrows as the Language of Mechanismages 18 to 19 · on the way
  57. pKa as a Predictive Tool in Organic Chemistryages 18 to 19 · on the way
  58. Conformation: Newman Projections, Ring Strain and the Chairages 18 to 19 · on the way
  59. Chirality, R and S Assignment and Optical Activityages 18 to 20 · on the way
  60. The Schrodinger Equation and What a Wavefunction Saysages 18 to 19 · on the way
  61. The Particle in a Box: Where Quantised Levels Come Fromages 18 to 19 · on the way
  62. The Hydrogen Atom: Quantum Numbers and Orbital Shapesages 18 to 19 · on the way
  63. Many-Electron Atoms: Spin, Antisymmetry and Effective Chargeages 18 to 20 · on the way
  64. Atomic Absorption and Emission for Trace Metalsages 19 to 20 · on the way
  65. Diastereomers, Meso Compounds and Fischer Projectionsages 19 to 20 · on the way
  66. How a Chromatographic Separation Worksages 19 to 20 · on the way
  67. Molecular Mechanics: Force Fields and Conformational Searchingages 19 to 20 · on the way
  68. Molecular Motion Quantised: The Oscillator and the Rotorages 19 to 20 · on the way
  69. Resolution, Efficiency and the van Deemter Curveages 19 to 20 · on the way
  70. Gas Chromatography: Columns, Temperature Programming and Detectorsages 19 to 20 · on the way
  71. HPLC: Reversed Phase, Gradients and Method Developmentages 19 to 21 · on the way
  72. Selection Rules and Why Some Transitions Never Appearages 19 to 20 · on the way
  73. Character Tables and What Symmetry Predictsages 19 to 20 · on the way
  74. Reading Bond Lengths and Force Constants from Spectraages 19 to 20 · on the way
  75. Electronic Spectra, Franck-Condon and the Origin of Colourages 19 to 20 · on the way
  76. Stereochemistry as Mechanistic Evidenceages 19 to 20 · on the way
  77. SN1 and SN2: Kinetics, Stereochemistry and What Decides the Routeages 19 to 20 · on the way
  78. Carbocations: Stability, Rearrangement and Neighbouring Groupsages 19 to 20 · on the way
  79. E1, E2 and E1cb: Three Ways to Lose Two Groupsages 19 to 20 · on the way
  80. Substitution Against Elimination: Predicting the Major Productages 19 to 21 · on the way
  81. Electrophilic Addition Revisited: Bridged Ions and Stereospecificityages 19 to 21 · on the way
  82. Hydroboration, Oxidation and Cleavage of Alkenes and Alkynesages 19 to 21 · on the way
  83. Radical Selectivity, Stability and Allylic Positionsages 19 to 21 · on the way
  84. Symmetry-Adapted Orbitals for Polyatomic Moleculesages 19 to 20 · on the way
  85. Acid-Base Models Beyond Bronsted: Lewis, Solvents and Hard and Softages 19 to 20 · on the way
  86. Coordination Compounds: Naming, Geometry and Isomerismages 19 to 20 · on the way
  87. Crystal Field Theory and the Splitting of d Orbitalsages 19 to 20 · on the way
  88. The Spectrochemical Series, Spin State and Magnetismages 19 to 21 · on the way
  89. What an Excited Molecule Does Next: Fluorescence and Phosphorescenceages 19 to 21 · on the way
  90. The Boltzmann Distribution over Molecular Levelsages 19 to 21 · on the way
  91. Hartree-Fock and What a Basis Set Decidesages 20 to 21 · on the way
  92. Density Functional Theory and Choosing a Functionalages 20 to 21 · on the way
  93. Ligand Field Theory and Pi Bonding in Complexesages 20 to 21 · on the way
  94. Electronic Spectra of Complexes and Tanabe-Sugano Diagramsages 20 to 22 · on the way
  95. Nucleophilic Addition and the Tetrahedral Intermediateages 20 to 21 · on the way
  96. Acetals, Imines and Protecting Groupsages 20 to 21 · on the way
  97. Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution and the Reactivity Ladderages 20 to 21 · on the way
  98. Enols, Enolates and Alpha Substitutionages 20 to 21 · on the way
  99. Aldol and Claisen: Building Carbon Skeletonsages 20 to 21 · on the way
  100. Organometallic Nucleophiles: Grignard and Organolithium Reagentsages 20 to 21 · on the way
  101. Aromaticity: Huckel's Rule and Antiaromatic Systemsages 20 to 21 · on the way
  102. Directing Effects in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitutionages 20 to 22 · on the way
  103. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution, Diazonium Salts and Heterocyclesages 20 to 22 · on the way
  104. Pericyclic Reactions: The Diels-Alder and Orbital Symmetryages 20 to 22 · on the way
  105. The Molecular Partition Functionages 20 to 21 · on the way
  106. Entropy from Counting: The Molecular Meaning of the Third Lawages 20 to 21 · on the way
  107. Steady-State and Pre-Equilibrium Approximationsages 20 to 21 · on the way
  108. Chain Reactions, Branching and Explosion Limitsages 20 to 21 · on the way
  109. Stability Constants and the Kinetics of Ligand Substitutionages 20 to 21 · on the way
  110. Electron Counting and the Eighteen-Electron Ruleages 20 to 21 · on the way
  111. Metals in Biology: Active Sites, Electron Transfer and Chelationages 20 to 21 · on the way
  112. Organometallic Ligands: Carbonyls, Phosphines and Hapticityages 20 to 21 · on the way
  113. Elementary Steps of Catalysis: Oxidative Addition and Insertionages 20 to 22 · on the way
  114. Transition State Theory and the Eyring Equationages 20 to 22 · on the way
  115. Chemical Potential and Gibbs Energy That Depends on Compositionages 20 to 21 · on the way
  116. Computed Geometries, Frequencies and Reaction Barriersages 20 to 22 · on the way
  117. Real Gases, Fugacity and Activityages 20 to 21 · on the way
  118. Phase Diagrams, the Clapeyron Equation and the Phase Ruleages 20 to 22 · on the way
  119. Ideal and Real Solutions: Raoult, Henry and Excess Functionsages 20 to 22 · on the way
  120. Electrolyte Solutions and the Debye-Huckel Limiting Lawages 20 to 22 · on the way
  121. Catalytic Cycles: Hydroformylation and Cross-Couplingages 21 to 22 · on the way
  122. Close Packing, Unit Cells and Ionic Lattice Typesages 21 to 22 · on the way
  123. Band Theory, Defects and Why Some Solids Conductages 21 to 22 · on the way
  124. Retrosynthesis: Disconnections and Synthonsages 21 to 22 · on the way
  125. Planning a Multi-Step Synthesis: Order, Protection and Yieldages 21 to 22 · on the way
  126. Green Chemistry Metrics: Atom Economy, E-Factor and Solvent Choiceages 20 to 21 · on the way
  127. Carbohydrates: Anomers, Mutarotation and the Glycosidic Bondages 21 to 22 · on the way
  128. Amino Acids and Peptides: Zwitterions and the Peptide Bondages 21 to 22 · on the way
  129. Ion Exchange and Electrophoretic Separationsages 20 to 21 · on the way
  130. Mass Spectrometry: Ionisation Methods and Mass Analysersages 20 to 21 · on the way
  131. Accurate Mass and Isotope Patterns as Formula Evidenceages 20 to 21 · on the way
  132. Hyphenated Techniques: GC-MS, LC-MS and Tandem Fragmentationages 20 to 22 · on the way
  133. Reading a Proton NMR Spectrum: Shift, Integration and Multiplicityages 20 to 21 · on the way
  134. Carbon-13, DEPT and Coupling Constantsages 20 to 21 · on the way
  135. Designing a Safer Process: Hazard, Scale and Wasteages 21 to 22 · on the way
  136. The Nernst Equation and Cells Away from Standard Conditionsages 21 to 22 · on the way
  137. Electrode Kinetics: Exchange Current and Overpotentialages 21 to 22 · on the way
  138. Two-Dimensional NMR and Assigning a Whole Structureages 21 to 22 · on the way
  139. Potentiometry, Ion-Selective Electrodes and Voltammetryages 21 to 22 · on the way
  140. Method Validation: Accuracy, Precision, Recovery and Robustnessages 21 to 22 · on the way
  141. Reading a Paper and Its Supporting Informationages 22 to 23 · on the way
  142. Searching the Chemical Literature by Structure and by Reactionages 22 to 23 · on the way
  143. Characterisation Standards: What Counts as Proof of a New Compoundages 22 to 24 · on the way
  144. Solid-State Synthesis: Controlling Phase, Defect and Dopantages 22 to 23 · on the way
  145. Porous Frameworks: Zeolites, Metal-Organic Frameworks and What They Holdages 22 to 23 · on the way
  146. Chain Growth and Step Growth: Two Routes to a Polymerages 22 to 24 · on the way
  147. Strategy in Retrosynthesis: Strategic Bonds and Convergent Routesages 22 to 23 · on the way
  148. Protecting Group Strategy: Orthogonality and the Order of Removalages 22 to 23 · on the way
  149. Structure Elucidation from a Complete Data Setages 22 to 23 · on the way
  150. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Past Assignment: Relaxation, the Nuclear Overhauser Effect and Exchangeages 22 to 23 · on the way
  151. Reducible Representations and Predicting Infrared and Raman Activityages 22 to 23 · on the way
  152. Choosing Between Vibrational Methods: Infrared, Raman and Resonance Ramanages 22 to 24 · on the way
  153. Single-Crystal Diffraction: From Reflections to a Refined Structureages 22 to 24 · on the way
  154. Substrate Control of Stereochemistry: Models for Facial Selectivityages 22 to 23 · on the way
  155. Asymmetric Catalysis: Where Enantioselectivity Comes Fromages 22 to 23 · on the way
  156. Organocatalysis: Enamine and Iminium Activationages 22 to 23 · on the way
  157. Cross-Coupling in Practice: Choosing Ligand, Base and Conditionsages 22 to 24 · on the way
  158. Controlled Radical Polymerisation and Block Architectureages 23 to 24 · on the way
  159. Electron Correlation and Methods Past Hartree-Fockages 23 to 24 · on the way
  160. Excited States by Calculation and Simulated Electronic Spectraages 23 to 24 · on the way
  161. Functionalising a Carbon-Hydrogen Bond Without a Handleages 23 to 24 · on the way
  162. Glass Transition, Crystallinity and Entanglement in Polymersages 23 to 24 · on the way
  163. Molecular Recognition: Preorganisation, Complementarity and Binding Constantsages 23 to 24 · on the way
  164. Olefin Metathesis and Ring-Closing Strategyages 23 to 24 · on the way
  165. Photoredox and Electrochemical Routes to Radical Intermediatesages 23 to 24 · on the way
  166. Putting the Solvent Into a Calculationages 23 to 24 · on the way
  167. Molecular Dynamics and Free Energy from Samplingages 23 to 24 · on the way
  168. Reaction Dynamics: Trajectories Across a Potential Energy Surfaceages 23 to 24 · on the way
  169. Risk Assessment for a Reaction Nobody Has Run Hereages 23 to 24 · on the way
  170. Self-Assembly: Templates, Reversibility and Error Correctionages 23 to 24 · on the way
  171. Taking a Route into Flow and Onto Scaleages 23 to 24 · on the way
  172. Reading a Total Synthesis as an Argumentages 23 to 24 · on the way
  173. Writing a Research Proposal: Question, Feasibility and Milestonesages 23 to 24 · on the way
  174. Reporting Chemical Data: Statistics, Figures and Data Availabilityages 23 to 24 · on the way
  175. Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Watching a Reaction Happenages 23 to 24 · on the way
  176. From Hit to Lead: Structure-Activity Relationshipsages 23 to 24 · on the way
  177. Drug-Like Properties: Solubility, Permeability and Metabolic Fateages 23 to 24 · on the way
  178. Chemical Biology: Bioconjugation and Reporting on a Molecule in a Cellages 23 to 24 · on the way
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